Beautifully executed Morion Helmet and Breastplate that is wrought entirely of steel, the surface is deeply etched with panels of vinework containing neoclassical images throughout, the brim with rolled and roped border, studded with brass rivets. Excellent. The iconic morion, though popularly identified with early Spanish explorers and conquistadors, was not in use until after the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés or Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Incas in South America. It was widely used by the Spanish, but thirty to forty years later was also common among foot soldiers of many other European nationalities. Low production costs aided its popularity and dissemination, although officers and elite guards would have theirs elaborately engraved to display their wealth and status. The crest or comb on the top of the helmet was designed to strengthen it. Later versions also had cheek guards and even removable faceplates to protect the soldier from sword cuts. The morion's shape is derived from that of an older helmet, the Spanish kettle hat in 15th century called capacete. The New Oxford American Dictionary, claims the word derives from the Spanish morrión and morro (round object). The Dictionary of the Spanish Language, published by the Royal Spanish Academy, indicates that the Spanish term for the helmet, morrión, derives from the noun morra, which means "the upper part of the head". In England, this helmet (also known as the pikeman's pot) is associated with the New Model Army, one of the first professional militaries. It was worn by pikemen, together with a breastplate and buff coat as they stood in phalanx-like pike and shot formations, protecting the flanks of the unarmored musketeers. The similarities in design of some English morions to Italian designs can be attributed to Italian armorers being contracted to produce helmets for the English army. The helmet provided protection during the push of pike maneuvers known for their high casualty rates. Although mostly issued to Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops, many Cavaliers wore the morion as well, leading to confusion in battles; soldiers risked being shot by their own allies. It was for this reason that uniforms were introduced to identify armies. First, these were simple colored sashes, but soon the Roundheads introduced red coats, which were retained by the army after the 1660 Restoration of Charles II. Surviving morions from the 1648 Siege of Colchester have been unearthed and preserved at Colchester Castle along with a lobster tail pot, a helmet associated with Cromwell's heavily armored Ironside cavalry. Some captured Spanish armor was worn by Native Americans as late as the 19th century as protection from bullets and a sign of their status. The most famous of these was the Comanche chief Iron Jacket who lived in Texas and wore armor that originally belonged to a conquistador.  In the Philippines, the native Moro people adopted the morion and burgonet design for helmets (as well as chainmail and horn coats) during the Spanish–Moro Wars and the Moro Rebellion. The indigenously produced helmets were usually made of iron or brass and elaborately decorated with floral arabesque designs, usually in silver. They had a large visor and neck guard, movable cheek guards, a high crest and three very tall feathered plumes reaching 60 cm (24 in) inserted on the front. These Moro designed versions of the morion can be considered closer in design to the burgonet.

Early Nathan Starr contracted cavalry saber or sword with scabbard. Starr contracted for 10,000 sabers in 1818. The 33" blade is flat, with no fuller, and has a clipped point. The sword is marked N. STARR on the ricasso. The guard is iron and the grip retains its original leather. Both the blade and scabbard are excellent.

This heavy cavalry saber, commonly referred to as Model 1840 Wristbreaker was one of the military sabers used by U.S. mounted forces before and during the Civil War.   Made by the Charles Hammond firm of Philadelphia, the single-edged blade has a pronounced curve with a flat wide back. Saber, also called a dragoon heavy cavalry saber, measures 35 7/8” long with an integral wide fuller 26 ½” long and a narrow fuller some 18 1/8” long. Weighing 4½ lbs., including the steel scabbard, the blade address is marked “C. HAMMOND’ the reverse ricasso.  Obverse ricasso plain.  The hefty steel blade exhibits a semi-bright finish with scattered areas of light discoloration overall and appears to have been lightly cleaned. Blade shows scattered small edge nicks and also exhibits a medium-quality grinding and finishing. The heavy, two-branch brass hilt, still with its leather washer, is in very good condition and exhibits an untouched dark bronze patina. Black bridle leather grips are in fair condition and feature a wooden handle that is wrapped with a thin, double twisted copper wire wound around the handle. Wraps are tight, as is the brass wire. Hefty iron scabbard is unadorned. It wears a nice patina.  Both sword mounts are tight and retain the suspension rings.  The thick “Philadelphia” drag has light angle wear.  Excellent.

Early 1830's to 1840's US Militia Beaver Felt Hat with a lovely, toned Militia Plate measuring 4 1/2 X 3 3/4 inches being made of brass with a heavy patina with applied E R to the top. The interior still retains the leather sweatband with a label to the crown that says Latest Fashion and is penciled three times with "Monroe". Hat is roughly 7 1/2 inches tall with a repair to the crown. Excellent. This wonderful Hat came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Rare Old Guard Bearskin Busby named to Colonel John F. Doyle that is complete with original carrying case. The bearskin was produced by Ridabock & Co. of New York and is in excellent condition. A bearskin is a tall fur cap derived from mitre caps worn by grenadier units in the 17th and 18th centuries. Initially worn by only grenadiers, its usage was extended to several other military units in the 19th century. The bearskin cap continued to see use in battle during the mid-19th century, although by the 20th century, its use was limited as a headgear reserved for parade dress. In the 21st century, the bearskin cap is retained by select military units as a prominent element of their ceremonial and full dress uniforms. The Busby came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this uniform was acquired.

Great framed photo of the OLD GUARD at the Hotel Commodore January 11, 1924. The 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment or "Old Guard" is the oldest regiment in the Regular United States Army. Today, it is best-known for its ceremonial duties at Arlington National Cemetery, but the regiment has a history stretching back to the earliest days of the Republic. The Old Guard was formed in 1784 as the 1st American Regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Harmar. CONDITION. The photo is i nice condition with good contrast and clarity. 12" by 18". Excellent

Lot of American insignia to include 1) CIVIL WAR  BREASTPLATE. Pattern 1826 eagle breastplate with a nice even patina and good detail to the striking of the eagle. Reverse has 100% of the lead fill with both attachment loops. Excellent. 2) M1872 AMERICAN INDIAN WARS BELT PLATE. US 1872 "Hagner" Waist Belt Plate - Indian Wars Period Plate & Likely the Same "Pattern" Plate Worn by Custer's Men at the Little Bighorn. Excellent.

This is a very nice pair of Civil War shoulder straps for a First Lieutenant serving in the Infantry. The bullion borders are single borders made of alternating dead and bright bullion with narrower jacqueron wire borders inside and out, the same arrangement as the single bar rank insignia at either end. The blue velvet interiors are very good, with good color, no oxidation and no moth damage. The fabric has been trimmed to the strap edge and the backs are open, as is usually the case with Civil War straps.

This is a very nice pair of Civil War shoulder straps for a First Lieutenant serving in a staff position. The bullion borders are double borders made of alternating dead and bright bullion with narrower jacqueron wire borders inside and out, the same arrangement as the single bar rank insignia at either end. The black velvet interiors are very good, with good color, no oxidation and no moth damage. The fabric has been trimmed to the strap edge and the backs are open, as is usually the case with Civil War straps. Staff duty encompassed a number of important posts in the army that not only had status attached to them, but the dubious honor of getting shot at without being able to return fire. A regimental Quartermaster might linger to the rear, forwarding supplies, but regimental Adjutants, also first lieutenants, served in the very front lines of battle with a regiment’s field officers. Assistant Surgeons, too, ranked as first lieutenants on the medical staff. The regimental surgeon might choose to remain at a regimental, brigade or division field hospital. Assistant surgeons, however, might be assigned to follow an advancing column of troops headed into the fight with a few assistants and a team of stretcher-bearers. This is a very nice, excellent example of a regulation set of Civil War officer’s straps.

Civil War officer belt rig. Belt is approximately 1.5" wide. Rectangular officers plate with small size tongue. The plate and keeper are unmarked. Both sword hangers are present . Excellent condition for being 160 years old

Measures 24" by 15". bright colors with a canton field depicting the dancing star pattern. Silk remains in mint condition. This flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4, 1896. The 45th star was added for the admission of Utah on January 4, 1896. The flag was in use for twelve years, until 1908, when Oklahoma was admitted to the Union. It was the Official United States Flag during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

This early 19th c. American officer's sword features a hilt with the distinct style of the eagle head pommel. Blade is 30", engraved for half its length on either side with military and floral motifs. Blade has a nice uniform patina, and scattered areas of corrosion. Blade is slightly  curved. The grip is in excellent condition. Eagle head is unique and nicely hand-chased with a Cannon on the Guard. The knuckle bow has a 3 1/4" repair. Scabbard is in excellent condition with expected wear and glue repair above the drag . Very Good.

Fine fluted bone handled 5 ball Eagle Head sword with the blade marked Richards Upson & Co. Broad 32" blue finished blade with scrolls and stands of arms in gold on both sides. Gilded brass Eagle head pommel with knot ring and 5 ball guard with leather washer. Housed in sewn black leather scabbard with brass top and gilded brass hanger but has shrunk making it impossible to seat. Handle is very fine and without chips, cracks or material loss.

Eagle Head with Ivory handle with fine twist wire braid wrap. Gilt brass Eagle head pommel with fine hand chasing. Broad 32 1/2" swept blade with niter blue finish with gold overlay with scrolls and stands of arms. on both sides. Leather scabbard shows expected wear and tear with two brass hanging mounts and drag. Excellent.

Model 1860 Light Cavalry sword with metal scabbard. Blade stamped "Henry Boker Solingen". Steel blade, brass guard and shagreen leather wrap with twisted brass wire. Scabbard with two rings. Blade length – 34 3/4". Overall length with scabbard – 43". Note: Henry Boker imported blades from his brother in Germany and assembled the swords in the United States. It is estimated that he sold 45,000 Model 1860 light cavalry swords to both the Confederacy and the Union during the Civil War.

37" overall with a 32" blade that is 1 1/4" wide. The blade is excellent and shiny, and is nicely marked and dated 1861. Brass hilt, nice leather grip with twisted brass wire, solid scabbard. Excellent

Slightly curved imported steel blade with ricasso is marked with "Clauberg Solingen" with logo. Right side of blade with etched 3/4 panel featuring arms motifs and an eagle "Federal Eagle. The other side with arms motifs and a large "U.S.". Standard cast and chased brass hilt with pierced "US" guard, and leather grip wrapped with three strands of copper wire. Complete with leather scabbard with brass mounts. Blade is grayed. Hilt retains a mellow patina with some areas of wear. Grip excellent with wire grip. Scabbard retains some of the now plumb colored finish. Brass mounts remain a matching patina to hilt.

Model 1860 Ames cavalry saber 41" overall with a 34 1/2" bright blade. The ricasso is marked U.S. but the rest has been buffed out or a weak stamp. Only traces of the Ames markings are visible on the other side. Hilt is tight, and the grip retains original leather wrap and twisted brass wire. Rack numbers stamped 43. The top of the pommel is marked D.R. Scabbard is solid and in excellent condition. Excellent.

Early Boy Scout Items to include 1) Cased Eagle Scout Medal 2) Life Rank Badge with fine enamels. 3) Boy Scout First Class Rank Badge. has a 1911 Patent Date 4) Boy Scout 2nd Class Rank Badge with 1911 Patent Date 5) Boy Scout Tenderfoot Rank Badge with 1911 Patent Date 6) Boy Scout Senior Patrol Badge 7 ) Boy Scout Explorer Badge 8) Unknown Pin that certainly looks like Scouts but is unknown to me The progressive movement in the United States was at its height during the early 20th century. With the migration of families from farms to cities, there were concerns among some people that young men were no longer learning patriotism, self-reliance, and individualism. Several groups attempted to fill this void. The YMCA was an early promoter of reforms for young men with a focus on social welfare and programs of mental, physical, social and religious development. Others, included the Woodcraft Indians started by Ernest Thompson Seton in 1902 in Cos Cob, Connecticut, and the Sons of Daniel Boone founded by Daniel Carter Beard in 1905 in Cincinnati, Ohio., two notable independent scouting predecessors of BSA within the United States. In 1907, Robert Baden-Powell founded the Scouting movement in England using elements of Seton's works among other influences. In 1909, Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce was visiting London, where he encountered a boy who came to be known as the Unknown Scout. Boyce was lost on a foggy street when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him to his destination. The boy then refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was a Boy Scout and was merely doing his daily good turn. Interested in the Boy Scouts, Boyce met with staff at the Boy Scouts Headquarters and, by some accounts, Baden-Powell. Upon his return to the US, Boyce was inspired by his experience and incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910. Edgar M. Robinson and Lee F. Hanmer became interested in the nascent BSA and convinced Boyce to turn the program over to the YMCA for development in April 1910. Robinson enlisted Seton, Beard, Charles Eastman, and other prominent leaders in the early youth movements. Former president Theodore Roosevelt, who had long complained of the decline in American manhood, became an ardent supporter. In January 1911, Robinson turned the movement over to James E. West who became the first Chief Scout Executive and Scouting began to expand in the US: 148 Among other programs in the US, the Woodcraft Indians and Sons of Daniel Boone, eventually merged with the BSA. The BSA's stated purpose at its incorporation in 1910 was "to teach [boys] patriotism, courage, self-reliance, and kindred values."Later, in 1937, Deputy Chief Scout Executive George J. Fisher expressed the BSA's mission: "Each generation as it comes to maturity has no more important duty than that of teaching high ideals and proper behavior to the generation which follows." The current mission statement of the BSA is "to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law."

Lot of two Imperial German Lithophane Lidded Steins to include 1) 5th Company Regimental Garde Stein with a large Crown to the lid. Stein has a full roster at the rear for the 1904-06 Maneuvers. Excellent. 2) Imperial German Stein for the 118th Regiment named to Gefreiter Fabian for the 1904-04 War Maneuvers. Both are excellent.

Excellent Condition Model 1918 "Knuckle Duster" Trench knife with solid brass handle made by Landers, Frary, and Clark and so marked "L. F. & C." on the handle and on the scabbard. Features spiked knuckle guards, and "Skull crusher" spike pommel. Blade shows minor sharpening. Original scabbard, correct L.F. & C. 1918 Marked near throat - both prongs present. Handle shows no wear.

WWI US Marine Corps Dress Blue visor / Bell Crown cap with early WWI era USMC emblem. Emblem features the longitude and latitude lines, connected wing and anchor, and sloping wings indicative of pre-1920s construction with heavy spinner / nut on the back. Cap has black leather visor with tan on the underside, brown two piece chinstrap, both retaining slots intact, with Eagle & Anchor buttons at either side. Heavy wicker frame inside the cap, and single-stitched leather headband intact and is roughly a size 7. Two grommeted metal vent holes on either side. Red piping indicating enlisted service. Overall in excellent condition.To combat Germany's Army, the U.S. Marine Corps served with the American Expeditionary Forces in France as part of the U.S. Army's Second Division. General John J. Pershing, USA, led the forces, which included U.S. Marines, U.S. Navy Hospital Apprentices and Pharmacist's Mates, and Navy Nurses. Upon entry into the war, the Marines had 462 commissioned officers, 49 warrant officers, and 13,214 enlisted men on active duty. The first U.S. Marines departed onboard USS Henderson, USS De Kalb, and USS Hancock for Europe, arriving June 1917. These Marines were from the 5th Regiment, consisting of 70 officers and 2,869 enlisted men. The Second Division grew to include the Fourth Marine Brigade, which was composed of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion. Marine Major General John A. Lejeune, USMC, was the first Marine to command a division when he took command of Second Division on July 28, 1918, remaining until July 15, 1919. On November 11, 1918, the U.S. The Marine Corps had 2,474 officers on active duty, including reserve and warrant. For enlisted personnel, there were 70, 849 on duty, with more than 30,000 serving in Europe.

Historic Dog Tag of Douglas MacArthur as a 1st Lieutenant while serving in the Philippines with his Father and fellow Medal of Honor Recipient Arthur MacArthur Jr. This Dog Tag was the first standardized Dog Tag by the United States measuring about 3/4 size of a WW1 Tag.  The tag reads Douglas MacArthur 1st. LT. Corps Of Engin. U.S.A. Douglas MacArthur (born January 26, 1880, Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.—died April 5, 1964, Washington, D.C.) U.S. general who commanded the Southwest Pacific Theatre in World War II, administered postwar Japan during the Allied occupation that followed, and led United Nations forces during the first nine months of the Korean War. Early life: MacArthur was the third son of Arthur MacArthur, later the army’s senior ranking officer, and Mary Hardy MacArthur, an ambitious woman who strongly influenced Douglas. He graduated from West Point in 1903 with the highest honors in his class and served the next 10 years as an aide and a junior engineering officer, following this with four years on the general staff. He spent several months with the U.S. troops that occupied Veracruz, Mexico, in 1914. On the 42nd Division’s staff in 1917–19, MacArthur was variously chief of staff, brigade commander, and divisional commander during combat operations in France during World War I and in the Rhine occupation that followed. During the 1920s he initiated far-reaching reforms while superintendent at West Point, served on William (“Billy”) Mitchell’s court-martial, held two commands in the Philippines, commanded two U.S. corps areas, and headed the 1928 American Olympic Committee. Having advanced in rank to brigadier general in 1918 and to major general seven years later, MacArthur was promoted to general when he was selected as army chief of staff in 1930. His efforts as military head for the next five years were largely directed toward preserving the army’s meager strength during the Great Depression. MacArthur was widely criticized in mid-1932 when he sent regular troops to oust the Bonus Army of veterans from Washington. In 1935–41 he served as Philippines military adviser (and field marshal), endeavoring, despite inadequate funds, to build a Filipino defense force. He retired from the U.S. Army in December 1937.MacArthur married Louise Cromwell Brooks in 1922, but the childless union ended in divorce seven years later. In 1937 he married Jean Faircloth; Arthur, their only child, was born in Manila the next year. Duty in World War II: Recalled to active duty in July 1941, MacArthur conducted a valiant delaying action against the Japanese in the Philippines after war erupted in December. He was ordered to Australia in March 1942 to command Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific Theater. He soon launched an offensive in New Guinea that drove the Japanese out of Papua by January 1943. In a series of operations in 1943–44, MacArthur’s troops seized strategic points in New Guinea from Lae to Sansapor, while capturing the Admiralties and western New Britain. The simultaneous northward movement of South Pacific forces in the Solomons, over whom MacArthur maintained strategic control, neutralized Rabaul and bypassed many Japanese units. After winning a decision to invade the Philippines next rather than Formosa, MacArthur attacked Morotai, Leyte, and Mindoro in autumn 1944. Not until the Leyte operation did he have overwhelming logistical support; his earlier plans had been executed despite inadequacies of personnel and matériel and with little assistance from the Pacific Fleet. MacArthur seriously questioned his superiors’ decision to give priority to the European war over the Pacific conflict and to the Central Pacific Theater over his Southwest Pacific area. His largest, costliest operations occurred during the seven-month Luzon campaign in 1945. That spring he also undertook the reconquest of the southern Philippines and Borneo. Meanwhile, he left the difficult mopping-up operations in New Guinea and the Solomons to the Australian Army. He was promoted to general of the army in December 1944 and was appointed commander of all U.S. army forces in the Pacific four months later. He was in charge of the surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945. As Allied commander of the Japanese occupation in 1945–51, MacArthur effectively if autocratically directed the demobilization of Japanese military forces, the expurgation of militarists, the restoration of the economy, and the drafting of a liberal constitution. Significant reforms were inaugurated in land redistribution, education, labor, public health, and women’s rights. While he was in Japan, MacArthur also headed the army’s Far East command.UN command in Korean War: When the Korean War began in 1950, MacArthur was soon selected to command United Nations forces there. After stemming the North Korean advance near Pusan, he carried out a daring landing at Inch’on in September and advanced into North Korea in October as the North Korean Army rapidly disintegrated. In November, however, massive Chinese forces attacked MacArthur’s divided army above the 38th parallel and forced it to retreat below Seoul. Two months later MacArthur’s troops returned to the offensive, driving into North Korea again. On April 11, 1951, Pres. Harry S. Truman relieved MacArthur of his commands because of the general’s insubordination and unwillingness to conduct a limited war. Returning to the United States for the first time since before World War II, MacArthur at first received widespread popular support; the excitement waned after a publicized Senate investigation of his dismissal. In 1944, 1948, and 1952, conservative Republican groups tried in vain to obtain MacArthur’s nomination for the presidency. MacArthur accepted the board chairmanship of the Remington Rand Corporation in 1952; thereafter, except for these duties and rare public appearances, he lived in seclusion in New York City. He died in Washington, D.C., in 1964 and was buried at Norfolk, Virginia. In personality MacArthur was enigmatic and contradictory. To many he seemed imperious, aloof, egotistical, and pretentious. To others, especially his headquarters staff, he appeared warm, courageous, unostentatious, and even humble. Most authorities agree that he possessed superior intelligence, rare command ability, and zealous dedication to duty, honor, and country.

Early Campaign Medal Lot to include 1) US ARMY SPANISH CAMPAIGN MEDAL. Numbered on the rim M.No. 5906 at the six O'clock position. The Spanish Campaign Medal was a military award of the United States Armed Forces which recognized those men of the U.S. military who had served in the Spanish–American War. Although a single decoration, there were two versions of the Spanish Campaign Medal, one for men of the United States Army and another for the forces of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The Army medal was designed by Francis Davis Millet while the Navy and Marines medals were designed by Rudolf Freund (1878-1960) of Bailey Banks & Biddle. Early versions of the Spanish Campaign Medal suspended the medal from a gold and red ribbon, but this design was changed in 1913 upon request from Spain that a United States service medal not bear the colors of the Spanish nation. The new medal was suspended from a blue and yellow ribbon. Separate medallions existed for both the Navy and Army. Marine Corps recipients received the Navy version with the seal of the United States Marine Corps on the reverse of the medal. The only device authorized to the Spanish Campaign Medal was the Citation Star and then only for U.S. Army recipients of the decoration. Excellent. 2) ARMY OF CUBAN OCCUPATION MEDAL. Numbered on the rim M.No. 3337 at the six O'clock position. Criteria: The Army of Cuban Occupation Medal was established by War Department General Order 40, in June 1915. To be awarded the Army of Cuban Occupation Medal, a service member must have served within the geographical borders of Cuba between 18 July 1898 and 20 May 1902. The medal was primarily awarded to members of the United States Army, but was available to other branches of service under certain circumstances. The first Army of Cuban Occupation Medal was awarded to Major General Leonard Wood. The Army of Cuban Pacification Medal was a similarly named decoration, but was awarded for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Cuba seven years after the close of the Spanish–American War. Appearance: The medal is a circular bronze disc 1 3/8 inches in diameter. On the obverse is the Coat of arms of Cuba. Around the edge is the inscription ARMY OF OCCUPATION MILITARY GOVERNMENT OF CUBA. The dates 1898 and 1902 are on either side of the Phrygian cap at the top of the coat of arms.  The reverse depicts a spread winged eagle perched upon a trophy of a cannon, rifles, war flags, an Indian shield, quiver of arrows and three spears, a Cuban machete and Sulu kris. Below the trophy are the words FOR SERVICE. Above the eagle are the words arched around the edge UNITED STATES ARMY. In the lower half at the edge are thirteen five-pointed stars. The medal is suspended from a ribbon 1 3/8 inches wide. It is composed of the following vertical stripes: 1/16 inch ultramarine Blue; 3/8 inch old glory red; 1/16 inch golden yellow; 3/8 inch ultramarine blue; 1/16 inch golden yellow; 3/8 inch old glory ged; and 1/16 inch ultramarine blue. 3) US NAVY MEXICAN SERVICE MEDAL. Numbered 10525 at the six O'clock position.  History: The Mexican Service Medal awarded by the Army was established by General Orders of the United States War Department on December 12, 1917. The Navy's Mexican Service Medal was established by Navy Department General Orders Number 365 on February 11, 1918, as amended by Navy Department General Orders No. 464 of April 27, 1919. The Mexican Service Medal recognizes those servicemen who performed military service against Mexican forces between April 12, 1911 and June 16, 1919. To be awarded the Mexican Service Medal, a serviceman was required to perform military duty during the time period of eligibility and in one of the following military engagements. Veracruz Expedition: April 21 to November 23, 1914 Punitive Expedition into Mexico: March 14, 1916 to February 7, 1917 Buena Vista, Mexico: December 1, 1917 The punitive expedition in the aftermath of the Brite Ranch raid on San Bernardino Canyon, Mexico, December 26, 1917 La Grulla, Texas: January 8–9, 1918 The aftermath of the Neville Ranch raid that resulted in a small action in the village of Pilares, Chihuahua: March 28, 1918 For actions in Nogales, Arizona during the Battle of Nogales, November 1–26, 1915, or Battle of Ambos Nogales, August 27, 1918 El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua for the Battle of Ciudad Juárez : June 15–16, 1919 The United States Navy issued the Mexican Service Medal to the sailors and Marines who participated in any of the above actions, as well as to servicemen who served aboard U.S. naval vessels patrolling Mexican waters between April 21 and November 26, 1914, or between March 14, 1916, and February 7, 1917. The Mexican Service Medal was also awarded to any servicemen who was wounded or killed while participating in action any against hostile Mexican forces between April 12, 1911, and February 7, 1917. Although the Mexican Service Medal was a single decoration, the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy issued two different versions of it. The Army version displays an engraving of a yucca plant, while the Navy version depicts the San Juan de Ulúa fortress in Veracruz harbor. Both versions display the annotation "1911 – 1917" on the bottom of the medal. The Mexican Service Medal was a one-time decoration and there were no service stars authorized for those who had participated in multiple engagements. For those soldiers who had been cited for gallantry in combat, the Citation Star was authorized as a device to the Mexican Service Medal. There were no devices authorized for the Navy's version of the decoration. A similar decoration, known as the Mexican Border Service Medal also existed for those who had performed support duty to Mexican combat expeditions from within the United States. 4) US ARMY MEXICAN SERVICE MEDAL. Numbered 13697 at the six O'clock position. History: The Mexican Service Medal awarded by the Army was established by General Orders of the United States War Department on December 12, 1917. The Navy's Mexican Service Medal was established by Navy Department General Orders Number 365 on February 11, 1918, as amended by Navy Department General Orders No. 464 of April 27, 1919. The Mexican Service Medal recognizes those servicemen who performed military service against Mexican forces between April 12, 1911 and June 16, 1919. To be awarded the Mexican Service Medal, a serviceman was required to perform military duty during the time period of eligibility and in one of the following military engagements. Veracruz Expedition: April 21 to November 23, 1914 Punitive Expedition into Mexico: March 14, 1916 to February 7, 1917 Buena Vista, Mexico: December 1, 1917 The punitive expedition in the aftermath of the Brite Ranch raid on San Bernardino Canyon, Mexico, December 26, 1917 La Grulla, Texas: January 8–9, 1918 The aftermath of the Neville Ranch raid that resulted in a small action in the village of Pilares, Chihuahua: March 28, 1918 For actions in Nogales, Arizona during the Battle of Nogales, November 1–26, 1915, or Battle of Ambos Nogales, August 27, 1918 El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua for the Battle of Ciudad Juárez : June 15–16, 1919 The United States Navy issued the Mexican Service Medal to the sailors and Marines who participated in any of the above actions, as well as to servicemen who served aboard U.S. naval vessels patrolling Mexican waters between April 21 and November 26, 1914, or between March 14, 1916, and February 7, 1917. The Mexican Service Medal was also awarded to any servicemen who was wounded or killed while participating in action any against hostile Mexican forces between April 12, 1911, and February 7, 1917. Although the Mexican Service Medal was a single decoration, the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy issued two different versions of it. The Army version displays an engraving of a yucca plant, while the Navy version depicts the San Juan de Ulúa fortress in Veracruz harbor. Both versions display the annotation "1911 – 1917" on the bottom of the medal. The Mexican Service Medal was a one-time decoration and there were no service stars authorized for those who had participated in multiple engagements. For those soldiers who had been cited for gallantry in combat, the Citation Star was authorized as a device to the Mexican Service Medal. There were no devices authorized for the Navy's version of the decoration. A similar decoration, known as the Mexican Border Service Medal also existed for those who had performed support duty to Mexican combat expeditions from within the United States. 5) PHILIPPINE CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL. Numbered at the six O'clock position No. 10815. Criteria: The four primary criteria, to be awarded the Philippine Congressional Medal, were as follows: Enlisted between 21 April and 26 October 1898 Served beyond 11 April 1899 Served in the Philippines after 6 July 1899 Received an honorable discharge (or died prior to being discharged) The medal was different from the Philippine Campaign Medal in that the Philippine Campaign Medal recognized general service in the Philippines while the Philippine Congressional Medal was intended for special services rendered. The Philippine Congressional Medal was considered an authorized military decoration, but soon became regarded as a commemorative medal since it recognized a single event and also was not eligible for presentation to the United States Navy and Marine Corps. Appearance: The Philippine Congressional Medal is 1 1/4 inches in diameter made of bronze with an oxidized and relieved finish. The obverse of the medal depicts a color guard of one flag bearer accompanied by two soldiers bearing rifles, marching toward the left of the medal. Around the edge of the medal are the words PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION. In the exergue is the date 1899. The reverse bears the inscription FOR PATRIOTISM FORTITUDE AND LOYALTY surrounded by a wreath of pine branches on the left and palms on the right, tied at the bottom with a bow. The suspension and service ribbons are ultramarine blue with edge stripes of red and white. The outside white stripes are 1/16 of an inch from the edge and 1/16 inches wide. The inside stripes of old glory red and white are 1/8 inches wide. 6) MEXICAN BORDER SERVICE MEDAL. Numbered at the six O'clock position 12247. History: The Mexican Border Service Medal recognized military service members who were assigned to the U.S.-Mexico border when the United States was engaged in the Pancho Villa Expedition, a military operation conducted against the paramilitary forces of Francisco "Pancho" Villa during the Mexican Revolution. The U.S.-Mexico border was a potential location for a German-funded invasion by Mexico, which was exposed by British interception of the Zimmerman Telegram, a communication that detailed Germany's proposal for Mexico to ally with Germany if the United States entered World War I. Those who received the Mexican Service Medal were not eligible for the Mexican Border Service Medal. The first recipient was Major General Charles M. Clement of Pennsylvania, in recognition of his status as the longest-tenured National Guard officer eligible for the award at the time it was authorized. Congress created a similar award for members of the Texas National Guard who served on the border between December 8, 1917 to November 11, 1918, the Texas Cavalry Medal. Description:  As approved by the U.S. Congress: The medal of bronze is 1 1/4 inches in diameter. On the obverse is a sheathed Roman sword hanging on a tablet on which is inscribed For service on the Mexican border. The tablet is surrounded by a wreath. The reverse is the same as that of the Spanish War Service Medal. The medal is suspended by a ring from a silk moire ribbon 1 3/8 inches in length and 1 3/8 inches in width composed of a green band (7/16 inch), yellow band (1/2 inch), and green band (7/16 inch). 7) USMC MARINE CORPS YANGTZE SERVICE MEDAL Numbered at the six O'clock position M.No. 11368. The Yangtze Service Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created in 1930 for presentation to members of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps (and to a lesser extent, members of the United States Army). The Yangtze Service Medal is awarded for service in the Yangtze River Valley between September 3, 1926 and December 31, 1932, a period of significant unrest in the region. The decoration may also be awarded for those military service members who served on permanent duty in Shanghai, China, provided such service was in direct support of landing operations in the Yangtze River Valley (e.g. Nanking incident of 1927). The Yangtze Service Medal was declared obsolete in 1940 when it was replaced by the China Service Medal. The designer of the Yangtze Service Medal is John R. Sinnock of the Philadelphia Mint.[2] Sinnock was the eighth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 1925 to 1947.

US Model 1917 Trench Knife with rare extra Pyramid on the crossguard. 9" blued blade that is MINT and marked "US" made by Landers Ferry & Clark. Perfect leather scabbard. Near Mint

Very nice original Model 1860 Cavalry sword with scabbard. Has 34 1/2" bright blade. Hilt is tight to the blade and retains the original washer. Knuckle bow is still very solid and true. Scabbard is in nice condition. A fine example. Civil war sword. About 42" overall.  Comes with a leather hanger. Excellent.

The blue wool body is perfect without any moth damage, tears, or holes with small separations at the seams . The interior glazed lining is complete. The leather visor and sweatband are undamaged showing typical surface crazing. Overall, the forage cap is Excellent. Civil War Enlisted Blue Wool Forage Cap,  a regulation M1858 kepi identical to the example shown in Howell's United States Army Headgear 1855-1902, p.18. This example is made of fine quality blue wool with a complete interior lined in brown glazed cotton and thin leather sweatband 1 5/8" wide. Behind the sweatband on either side are two white paper circles about 1" in diameter, the left inked H/1112 and the right 7095, of unknown meaning. The thin tarred leather visor is slightly rounded at the corners and measures 1.5" wide in the middle. The stiffened crown is slightly over 5.75" in diameter measuring 4" tall in front and 6" in the back, with the stitching tapering to a "V" point exactly 1" from the bottom. The base of the body is stiffened with buckram. The cap has the correct 0.5" thin leather chin strap complete with brass slide and 2 small eagle "I" buttons. There is no maker's label while the crown and front show no evidence of ever having been pierced for brass insignia suggesting that the cap was never issued. While millions of forage caps were produced during the Civil War, it was not until the publication of the 1865 Army Regulations that precise specifications were detailed by the Quartermaster.

Sky-blue kersey US regulation enlisted man's trousers, approx. 29 in. inseam and 30 in. waist. Two front pockets and small watch pockets in the waistband. Pockets and waistband retain plain cotton lining though. Four buttons fly with period replacements on one of them. Five of six suspender buttons remain on the waistband also two period replacements. Scattered repairs, light soil, and evidence of manual repairs particularly at seat and crotch, but overall generally good condition given age and wear.

Lot of two Civil War enlisted cavalry swords to include 1) Model 1860 Ames cavalry saber dated 1861. 41" overall with a 34 1/2" bright blade. The ricasso is marked U.S. B.H. 1861. And Ames Mfg. Co. Chicopee Mass on the other side. Hilt is tight, and the grip retains original leather wrap and twisted brass wire. Excellent. 2) CIVIL WAR MANSFIELD & LAMB CAVALRY SWORD 1864. Original Mansfield & Lamb cavalry sword. The blade is 34 1/2' and is mostly smooth metal with scattered light pitting. Has Mansfield & Lamb makers stamp on one side of ricasso and US JM 1864 on the other side. The hilt is tight. The grip retains most of the leather wrap and all of the braided brass wire.

Civil War Lady’s sash buckle made from solid 18kt California gold. These buckles were made for affluent women wishing to publicly signal their support for the Union cause. The buckle is intricately hand engraved with scrollwork and patriotic symbolism. Lady Liberty and Lady justice flank the center of the buckle. At the bottom is an eagle with a shield surrounded by American flags. The top is engraved with an angel holding a “Union” streamer. The buckle measures 2 ½” by 1 ½” and is complete with attachment tines. A very elaborate buckle that weighs 17.89 grams with a patent date to the reverse W. Bohms Jan. 27 1863. Excellent.

Scarce 1/6th plate daguerreotype image of a seated Federal Officer. The contrast and clarity of the image are very good, and there are some light scratches. The leatherette case has an embossed Sloop on either side. Inside the case written in pencil is: "1849 Leominster, Frank". Leominster is a city in Massachusetts. Further research may identify the officer. Image is 2 3/4" by 3 1/4". Excellent

War of 1812 Ohio marked to the interior Cartridge Box that has the wooden block with the 24 holes on the inside that holds the .69 caliber cartridges. This one has the original wooden block intact and is made without the internal implement pouch. The original closure strap is still present. On the back of the box it has one of the original three belt loops still remaining. This is the thick style of cartridge box with an overall size of the box measuring 8 inches by 4 inches by 3-1/4 inches. Excellent.

Fantastic Civil War Veterans grouping to include 1) Civil War Ink Name Stencil that says P.F.A. Pundt that measures 1 X 2 1/2 inches and is made of Brass with tin back reinforcement. 2) GAR Veterans Reunion Ribbon for the 21st Illinois Volunteers for a meeting held at Arcadia Illinois on September 18-9 1884 and with image of Lady Justice with some of their battle honors Fredericktown, Perrysville, Liberty Gap, Stone River, Dallas, Chickamauga, Resaca and Kennesaw. 3) Two Calling Cards that are named to Paul F. A. Pundt from the George A. Custer Post No. 40 that has been changed to U.S. Grant Post No. 28 of Chicago with images of a GAR Badge to the upper left corner. 4) Memorial Day Service Pamphlet for the George A. Custer Post No. 40. A multi page pamphlet showing images of the Post Veterans Images of the recently deceased. To the front an image of General Custer. 5) Annual Reunion Booklets for the years 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, and 1906. for the 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry. 6) Other ephemera to include a letter from the Department of the Interior stating that he enlisted in Company D of the 21st Illinois on June 14, 1861 and was discharged on December 16, 1865. 7) Albumen of Paul Frederick August Pundt who later in life was a Chicago Fire Marshall standing with his wife in front of their house at 633  Humboldt  Ave. Chicago Il. 8) Framed Photo measuring 7 1/2 X 9 1/2 inches. To the rear of the image the photo has the inscription "Paul Frederick August Pundt, Father Chief of the 4th Battalion Front Row Center Served 34 Years, Retired..1907 Retired Fireman Chicago Fire Dept. 1908. History: The regiment was raised under the Ten Regiment Bill, which anticipated Federal troop requirements by providing for an infantry regiment recruited from each Congressional district in addition to one from the entire state. After its companies rendezvoused at Mattoon on May 9, 1861, the regiment was mustered into state service for a 30-day term by Captain Ulysses S. Grant on May 15. It was known as the Seventh Congressional District Regiment in state service after the district it was organized in. Company A was composed of men recruited in Macon County, Company B in Cumberland County, C in Piatt County, D in Douglas County, E in Moultrie County, F in Edgar County, G in Clay County, H in Clark County, I in Crawford County, and K in Jasper County.  The regiment was mustered into Federal service for a term of three years as the 21st Illinois Infantry on June 28, 1861, with Grant as its colonel. It was ordered to move to Ironton, Missouri, on July 3, but instead operated on the line of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad until August. Grant was promoted to brigadier general and became commander of the District of Southeast Missouri on 7 August, being replaced by regimental lieutenant colonel John W.S. Alexander.[1] Reaching Ironton on 9 August, the regiment was attached there to the Department of Missouri. The 21st Illinois participated in operations around the town between 17 and 25 October, including the Engagement at Fredericktown on 21 October. The regiment marched from Ironton to Greenville on January 29, 1862, and between March 3 and 10 moved to Reeve's Station on Black River. As a result of the latter, it was transferred to Steele's Command of the Army of Southeast Missouri, and between March 31 and April 21 moved to Doniphan and thence to Pocahontas, Arkansas. During this period, the regiment fought in the action at Putnam's Ferry on April 1, before marching to Jacksonport between April 30 and May 4. It then went to Cape Girardeau, Missouri between May 10 and 21 and Hamburg Landing between May 21 and 24, transferring to the 2nd Brigade of the 4th Division of the Army of the Mississippi during the month. With the brigade, the regiment fought in the Siege of Corinth, Mississippi between May 26 and 30, then in the pursuit to Booneville between May 31 and June 12. It marched to Jacinto and Ripley between June 29 and July 4, and remained at Corinth until August 14. On the latter date, it began a march through Alabama to Nashville, Tennessee and Louisville, Kentucky in pursuit of the Confederate Army of Tennessee that lasted until September 26. The regiment became part of the 31st Brigade of the 9th Division of the Army of the Ohio in September, with the division becoming part of the 3rd Army Corps of the army in October. The regiment fought in the pursuit of the Army of Tennessee into Kentucky during the Confederate Heartland Offensive between October 1 and 16, including the Battle of Perryville on October 8 and the action at Stanford on October 14. After the Confederate retreat from Kentucky, the 21st Illinois marched to Nashville between October 16 and November 9, remaining there until late December. The regiment became part of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Division of the Right Wing of XIV Corps of the Army of the Cumberland in November. It participated in the advance on Murfreesboro between December 26 and 30, fighting in the skirmish at Knob Gap on December 26 and the Battle of Stones River on December 30 and 31 and from January 1 to 3, 1863. In January the regiment, with the 2nd Brigade and 1st Division, became part of the XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. The 21st Illinois remained at Murfreesboro until June, participating in the reconnaissance from Murfreesboro between March 6 and 7, including the skirmish at the Methodist Church on Shelbyville Pike, and the reconnaissance to Versailles between March 9 and 14. Nineveh S. McKeen of Company H was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at the Battle of Stones River and the Battle of Liberty Gap. During the Battle of Chickamauga, by 2:00 p.m. on 19 September, Carlin placed the 21st Illinois in reserve 100 yards behind the 81st Indiana, which held positions in the eastern part of the Viniard Field. As Carlin was about to begin the brigade advance, division commander Jefferson C. Davis detached the 21st Illinois to support Hans Heg's brigade, although Major James Calloway of the regiment was sent by Carlin to take command of the 81st Indiana.[3] When attacked by Benning's Georgia Brigade while attempting to return to its former positions, the regiment precipitately retreated, losing its colors when its color sergeant was killed holding them.[4] The colors were later retrieved by an officer of the 58th Indiana after a Union counterattack retook the east Viniard Field. The regiment was mustered out of Federal service at San Antonio on December 16, 1865. Its men were sent to Camp Butler, Illinois, where they were discharged on January 18, 1866. During its service, the regiment lost 6 officers and 124 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, in addition to 2 officers and 140 enlisted men to disease, for a total of 272 dead.

Civil War1/4 plate tintype showing a standing, well-groomed soldier in a 4-button sack coat, holding a musket with bayonet in both hands. He wears an enlisted belt with buckle and a cross belt with plate attached to a cartridge box on his left side. Gilded brass mat & frame. Wood & leather case with has original but replaced lid. Very nice contrast and clarity. 4 1/4" by 3 1/4" excellent

Image depicts a nicely dressed man brandishing a Model 1849 Colt Pocket revolver. Clear details. Comes in a beautiful themoplastic case with fine floral details. 2 1/2" by 2". Excellent

Early Circa 1600 German Crossbow measuring 21"W X 25"L beautifully  wrought parts; walnut stock; decorated with bone;  possible original string. Very Good. It is not clear where and when the crossbow originated, but it is believed to have appeared in China and Europe around the 7th to 5th centuries BC. In China the crossbow was one of the primary military weapons from the Warring States period until the end of the Han dynasty, when armies were composed of up to 30 to 50 percent crossbowmen. The crossbow lost much of its popularity after the fall of the Han dynasty, likely due to the rise of the more resilient heavy cavalry during the Six Dynasties. One Tang dynasty source recommends a bow to crossbow ratio of five to one as well as the utilization of the countermarch to make up for the crossbow's lack of speed. The crossbow countermarch technique was further refined in the Song dynasty, but crossbow usage in the military continued to decline after the Mongol conquest of China. Although the crossbow never regained the prominence it once had under the Han, it was never completely phased out either. Even as late as the 17th century AD, military theorists were still recommending it for wider military adoption, but production had already shifted in favor of firearms and traditional composite bows. In the Western world a crossbow known as the gastraphetes was described by the Greco-Roman scientist Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century AD. He believed it was the forerunner of the catapult, which places its appearance sometime prior to the 4th century BC during the Classical period. Other than the gastraphetes, the only other evidence of crossbows in ancient Europe are two stone relief carvings from a Roman grave in Gaul and some vague references by Vegetius. Pictish imagery from medieval Scotland dated between the 6th and 9th centuries AD do show what appear to be crossbows, but only for hunting, and not military usage. It's not clear how widespread crossbows were in Europe prior to the medieval period or if they were even used for warfare. The small body of evidence and the context they provide point to the fact that the ancient European crossbow was primarily a hunting tool or minor siege weapon. An assortment of other ancient European bolt throwers exist such as the ballista, but these were torsion engines and are not considered crossbows. Crossbows are not mentioned in European sources again until 947 AD, as a French weapon during the siege of Senlis. From the 11th century AD onward, crossbows and crossbowmen occupied a position of high status in medieval European militaries, with the exception of the English and their continued use of the longbow. During the 16th century AD, military crossbows in Europe were superseded by gunpowder weaponry such as cannons and muskets. Hunters continued to carry crossbows for another 150 years due to its silence. There is a theory that medieval European crossbows originate from China but some differences exist between the two trigger mechanisms used in European and Chinese crossbows.

19th Century Cleveland Grays Busby or Bearskin Officers Hat with Japanned tinned box. in excellent condition with a full liner and chinstrap. Backmark of the buttons are J. Wageman & Sons. The bearskin is in wonderful condition with no loss to the fur. Roughly a size 7 1/4 The CLEVELAND GRAYS were organized on 28 Aug. 1837 as an independent volunteer militia company to bolster the local constabulary and to protect the city in case of invasion from Canada. Originally called the Cleveland City Guards, the membership decided that the organization's name should be taken from the color adopted for their uniforms—gray. Thus, in 1838 the company became known as the Cleveland Grays. Simultaneously, the members adopted the motto "Semper Paratus" (Always Prepared). The Grays saw military service as a unit in the CIVIL WAR, the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, the Mexican Punitive Expedition (1916), and WORLD WAR I. The Grays were the first company to leave Cleveland during the Civil War. In Apr. 1861 they were designated Co. E, 1st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (OVI). They saw action at Vienna Station and First Bull Run. During the war they also served in the 84th OVI and were on duty with the 150th OVI when Confederate general Jubal Early attacked Washington in the summer of 1864. During the Spanish-American War, the Grays petitioned the state and were admitted to the National Guard as the 1st Battalion of Engineers, 10th OVI. After the war they returned to their independent status. In 1916 they again petitioned the state and joined Ohio troops participating in the Punitive Expedition against Mexico. World War I, during which the Grays saw action in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive of 1918 on the Western Front, was the last active service of the Grays as a unit. During subsequent conflicts, including the Persian and Gulf Wars, individual members have served in the armed forces.

Confederate Bullet Struck CSA Belt Buckle. Brass belt buckle with raised lettering reading "C.S.A." Excellent condition with a lovely patina having all two prongs to the reverse with one missing due to being hit. .

Paul R. Murphy, Boston Mass. This packet of 6 .44 Colt "6 Combustible Envelope Cartridges made of DuPont Powder Co.s Powder FOR REMINGTON'S, COLTS AND OTHER REVOLVING HOLSTER PISTOL, 44-100 inch Caliber", packet, is near mint. Measures 2-7/8" x 1-5/8" x 1/2". Excellent near MINT! 2024-120

Mason Cartridges in original box. This packet reads "6 Combustible Envelope Cartridges made of American Powder Co.s Powder FOR REMINGTON'S, COLTS AND OTHER Revolving Holster Pistol, 44-100 inch Caliber Warranted Superior Quality", packet, is near mint. Measures 2-7/8" x 1-5/8" x 1/2". Excellent near MINT! 2024-118

Large Inkwell of Samuel Colt's home, Armsmear Mansion in Hartford, Connecticut measuring almost 4 inches tall with the lid being well hallmarked GB within a oval, Lion and the letter N. To the exterior's lid the iconic Rampant Colt. This is of a very high quality with the bottom being made of leaded glass with a hinged silver lid. Excellent. Armsmear was planned for Colt's 1856 marriage to Elizabeth Hart Jarvis and constructed in 1856 to designs by an unknown architect, possibly local architect Octavius Jordan or factory engineer H. A. G. Pomeroy, on grounds overlooking the recently completed Colt Armory. It was described by a contemporary thus: "an Italian villa in stone, massive, noble, refined, yet not carrying out any decided principle of architecture, it is like its originator, bold and unusual in its combinations." It features a low-pitched roof, heavy bracketed cornice, round-arched doors and windows, iron balconies, Italianate tower and details, and Turkish domes and pinnacles. The Colts occupied Armsmear in 1857 and promptly began to develop its gardens. Landscape architects Cleveland and Copeland provided the plans. Unusual, glass-domed conservatories, inspired by London's Crystal Palace, were added in 1861–1862. Ultimately the estate contained some 2,600 feet (790 m) of greenhouses, as well as ponds, fountains, and a deer park. The house and manicured grounds were the primary residence of Samuel Colt and his family. The Colts entertained lavishly at the estate, holding large parties that were the highlight of the Hartford society season. Samuel Colt lived in Armsmear for approximately 5 years from 1857 until his death in 1862. He was buried on the grounds of Armsmear near the graves of Sam and Elizabeth's young children, amidst a copse of weeping willows known as the 'Grove of Graves.' Following her husband's death, Elizabeth Hart Colt and her son Caldwell Hart Colt lived together in the large home for several decades. In 1894, Elizabeth had Samuel Colt and four of their children buried at Armsmear reinterred to Cedar Hill Cemetery.  After Elizabeth Colt died in 1905, the house was converted to a home for Episcopal women (in 1911) under the terms of her will. The residential community to this day is administrated by the Colt Trust. She also gave 140 acres (57 ha) of Armsmear's grounds to create Hartford's Colt Park. The city has subsequently replaced the greenhouse, garden, and ponds with ball fields and a skating rink. 2024-162

A finely made four draw brass telescope. Sheathed in wood, the telescope measures 12 1/2" when closed and 44 1/2 when fully drawn. The wood laminate barrel cover has one split running the full length caused by continual wood expansion and contraction. The instrument appears to be in perfect working order. A nice accessory from the Union Signal Corp during the Civil War. Marked on the last piece is script U.S. Signal Corps. Excellent. 1179-1211

Archive of General U.S. Grant to include a single shoulder strap of General Grant of the rank of Lieutenant General. The insignia measures 4 X 1/34 inches. Also in the archive is a CDV of the famed General with a backmark of S. M. Fassett's Gallery of Chicago Illinois. A paperweight with General Grant's image.  A small wall hanging image of Abraham Lincoln that was given out by the Argonne Post of the American Legion in 1934. A note the reads "These Grant items was found in the Grant Home years ago in Galena Ill. by John Fuller" . All of these items were housed in a Veteran Brand Coffee Can with the image of Admiral Dewey. Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As commanding general, Grant led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and briefly served as U.S. secretary of war. An effective civil rights executive, Grant signed a bill to create the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. Grant was born in Ohio and graduated from West Point in 1843. He served with distinction in the Mexican–American War, but resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to civilian life impoverished. In 1861, shortly after the Civil War began, Grant joined the Union Army and rose to prominence after securing Union victories in the western theater. In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign that gave Union forces control of the Mississippi River and dealt a major strategic blow to the Confederacy. President Abraham Lincoln promoted Grant to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign which ended with capture of Lee's army at Appomattox, where he formally surrendered to Grant. In 1866, President Andrew Johnson promoted Grant to General of the Army. Later, Grant broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies. A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and then elected president in 1868. As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the Fifteenth Amendment, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. In 1871, he created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing the civil service more than any prior president. Grant was re-elected in the 1872 presidential election, but was inundated by executive scandals during his second term. His response to the Panic of 1873 was ineffective in halting the Long Depression, which contributed to the Democrats winning the House majority in 1874. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into Anglo-American culture. In Grant's foreign policy, the Alabama Claims against Britain were peacefully resolved, but the Senate rejected Grant's annexation of Santo Domingo. In the disputed 1876 presidential election, Grant facilitated the approval by Congress of a peaceful compromise. Leaving office in 1877, Grant undertook a world tour, meeting prominent figures and becoming the first president to circumnavigate the world. In 1880, he was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican nomination for a third term. In 1885, facing severe financial reversals and dying of throat cancer, Grant wrote his memoirs, covering his life through the Civil War, which were posthumously published and became a major critical and financial success. At his death, Grant was the most popular American and was memorialized as a symbol of national unity. Due to the Lost Cause myth spread by Confederate sympathizers around the turn of the 20th century, historical assessments and rankings of Grant's presidency suffered considerably before they began recovering in the 21st century. Grant's critics take a negative view of his economic mismanagement and the corruption within his administration, while his admirers emphasize his policy towards Native Americans, vigorous enforcement of civil and voting rights for African Americans, and securing North and South as a single nation within the Union. Modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointments of Cabinet reformers. 1179-1466

Civil War 38th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Company A Voting Box. A very unique wooden box measuring 9 1/4 X 6 1/4 X 4 1/2 inches excluding the wooden handle. To the sides are stenciled 38 MS INF. and CO. A. The top has two lids to acquire the pieces of white balls or black squares to count the vote. The interior is lined in a green carpet material with black squares and red dots to the center and to the center of the box is a trap door to access both sides of the box. Excellent.  OVERVIEW:Organized and mustered in August 24, 1862. Moved to Baltimore, Md., August 26-28, 1862. Attached to Defenses of Baltimore, Md., 8th Army Corps, Middle Dept. to January, 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, 19th Army Corps, Dept. of the Gulf, to August, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, 19th Army Corps, to February, 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 19th Army Corps, Dept. of the Gulf, and Army of the Shenandoah, Middle Military Division, to January, 1865. 3rd Brigade, Grover's Division, District of Savannah, Dept. of the South, to March, 1865. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, 10th Army Corps, Dept. of North Carolina, to April, 1865. District of Savannah, Ga, Dept. of the South, to June, 1865.SERVICE:Duty at Baltimore, Md., till September 8, 1862; at Powhattan Dam till October 12, and at Baltimore till November 10. Embarked on steamer "Baltic" for Ship Island, Miss., November 10, arriving there December 14. Moved to New Orleans, La., December 29-31, and camp at Carrollton till February 11, 1863. Expedition to Plaquemine February 11-19. At Carrollton till March 6. Moved to Baton Rouge March 6-7. Operations against Port Hudson March 7-27. Moved to Algiers April 1, thence to Berwick City April 9. Operations in Western Louisiana April 9-May 14. Teche Campaign April 11-20. Fort Bisland April 12-13. Expedition from Opelousas to Alexandria and Simsport May 5-14. Moved to Bayou Sara, thence to Port Hudson May 22-25. Siege of Port Hudson May 25-July 9. Assaults on Port Hudson May 27 and June 14. Expedition to Clinton June 3-8. Surrender of Port Hudson July 9. Moved to Baton Rouge July 11, with Artillery train; thence to Donaldsonville July 15, and duty there till August 1. At Baton Rouge till March 23, 1864. Red River Campaign March 23-May 22. At Alexandria till April 12. Monett's Bluff, Monett's Ferry, April 23. Construction of dam at Alexandria April 30-May 10. Retreat to Morganza May 11-20. At Morganza till July 3. Reconnoissance to Atchafalaya May 30-June 6. Moved to New Orleans, La., thence to Fortress Monroe, Va., and Washington, D. C., July 3-29. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. At Kernstown and Winchester till January 5, 1865. Moved to Savannah, Ga., January 5-22, and duty there till March 5. Moved to Wilmington, N. C., March 5; thence to Morehead City March 10, and duty there till April 8. Moved to Goldsboro April 8, and duty there till May 2. Moved to Savannah, Ga., May 2-7, and duty there till June 30. Mustered out June 30, 1865. Moved to Boston Mass., June 30-July 5. Discharged July 13, 1865. 1179-1469

Id'ed Civil War Officers Sash that is named to Levi Jewett of the 14th Connecticut Infantry who was wounded on 08/25/1864 at Reams Station. The Crimson sash is in excellent condition. Levi Jewett residence was Windsor Locks CT; Enlisted on 7/14/1862 as a Asst Surgeon. On 8/23/1862 he was commissioned into Field & Staff CT 14th Infantry He was discharged for disability on 1/4/1865. The 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, also known as the Nutmeg Regiment, was an infantry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. It participated in the Battle of Gettysburg, helping to repulse the Confederate attack on the third day known as Pickett's Charge. The 14th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was organized at Hartford, Connecticut, on August 23, 1862, and mustered into the volunteer army. The organization of the Fourteenth Regiment began under the order promulgated May 22, 1862, to furnish Connecticut's contingent of the fifty thousand men called for by the War Department at Washington to go into "Camp of Instruction" at Annapolis, Md. Recruiting for the regiment began at once, but progressed slowly until, in July, after the Union reverses on the peninsula, the President called for three hundred thousand volunteers for three years or the war, when it received a tremendous impulse and the regiment filled up rapidly, being the first one to complete its organization under that call. It was recruited from the state at large, having its rendezvous, named "Camp Foote," at Hartford. Initially, 1,015 men were mustered under the command of Colonel Dwight Morris. As an example, over the course of the war, 181 men served in Company G, including replacements, and, of these, 61 were from the Clinton/Guilford/Madison area. Major battles of the 14th Connecticut included: Antietam Md., Fredericksburg Va., Chancellorsville Va., Gettysburg Pa., Falling Waters Va., Auburn Va., Bristoe Station Va., Blackburn's Ford Va., Mine Run Va., Morton's Ford, Va., Wilderness Va., Laurel Hill Va., Spotsylvania Va., North Anna River, Va., Tolopotomy Va., Cold Harbor Va., Cold Harbor Va. (three days later), Petersburg Va., Deep Bottom Va., Ream's Station Va., Boydton Plank Road Va., Hatchers Run Va. Feb 5. 1865, Hatchers Run Va. March 25, 1865, Highbridge, Farmville Va. and Surrender of Lee's Army March 30 to April 10, 1865. Initially, the regiment did not augment its ranks by replacing the dead or wounded with fresh troops. When it arrived at Gettysburg on July 2, 1863, the regiment was reduced to 165 officers and men. After the Battle of Gettysburg, they were down to 100. Common practice in other units also was not to replace personnel; the 14th became one of the first exceptions to this rule in late July 1863 following Gettysburg, when scores of men were recruited in New Haven County to bolster the heavily depleted ranks. Formation of the Regiment: In 1861, in response to Abraham Lincoln's call for five hundred thousand men, Connecticut was filled its quota of 13,037 men with 13 regiments. On May 21, the War Department would accept an additional regiment for a "Camp of Instruction" and announced the formation the following day. It had the same requirements as the other regiments, with members to serve three years or until the war's end. It would rally at Camp Foote in Hartford, Connecticut, under the command of Colonel Dwight Morris. Volunteers were slow to enlist; with the prospect of an indefinite "Camp of Instruction" and the quota having been initially met. As the war continued, three hundred thousand more men were requested, with Connecticut's quota was listed as 7,145 being divided into six regiments. On July 1, 1862, Governor Buckingham announced the need for more men and by August 22 the quota was filled. It was mustered by Colonel Webb the following day.Moving out: On August 25, 1862, the 14th Regiment broke camp and headed towards Washington. The first non-fatal casualty of was not during action, but of accident when Frederick Shalk lost his footing and fell 30 feet in Easton, Pennsylvania. The regiment was assigned to the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Division, Second Army Corps under Dwight Morris; with Lieutenant Colonel S.H. Perkins in charge of the regiment. On September 7, it was ordered to move out with the army, passing through Rockville, Maryland to the Rockville Camp. The first casualty, James McVay, died of exhaustion from the march as the regiment approached the camp On September 11, the regiment marched to Clarksburg, Maryland and reached Frederick City, Maryland on September 13. It marched to South Mountain and arrived just after Battle of South Mountain's end on September 14. Battle of Antietam: On September 17, 1862, the regiment's first action was at the Battle of Antietam. The regiment traveled along the flank and entered the East Woods, passing through Mumma's orchard and cornfield toward the confederate line. The green troops performed well, but casualties came from confederate fire and accident; including a case of an exploding shell of Company D which killed 3 and wounded 4 In total, 21 men were killed and 88 wounded and 28 missing. The death of Company F's captain Blinn was filled by Samuel Moore.Battle of Fredericksburg: On September 22, the regiment started to march towards Harper's Ferry. Crossing the Shenandoah on October 30, the regiment marched on to Warrenton, Virginia, arriving on November 7. On November 15, the regiment moved out again, making camp at Belle Plain before marching to Fredericksburg on December 10. In the course of battle, 10 men were killed, 92 were wounded and 20 were listed as missing, among the dead was Lieutenant Canfield and Captain Gibbons of Company B and the Lieutenant-Colonel Perkins was wounded.Battle of Gettysburg: The regiment arrived at Gettysburg late on July 2, after the second day's fighting had died down. The regiment, with about 160 men, was positioned in the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. The next day, the regiment saw combat repelling what would be known as "Pickett's Charge," when they fought elements of the 13th Alabama, 14th Tennessee, and 26th North Carolina Infantry Regiments. During the entire battle, the regiment lost about 60 men. 1235-443

This unusual photo, of Ulysses Grant, was taken June 2, 1875 by a photographer by the name of Walker. US Grant, shaved his mustache and chin beard, so that his wife could have a cameo made of him. Frederick Grant, his son, in 1887, to The Century Magazine about the shaving situation. 'The taking of the photograph in profile was the occasion of my father's shaving for the second time that I ever knew of. My mother had asked him to have a profile taken so that she might send it to Rome to have a cameo cut. Thinking that she wanted a profile of his features, he got shaved and had these pictures taken, very much to the disgust of my mother, who did not accept them for the cameo, but waited until his beard grew out again, and then had another profile taken for the purpose.'" This image is period framed measuring 27 X 32 inches and hung at a GAR post in Massachusetts along with several other Generals that were framed in a similar manner. The contents were sold recently and are now on the market. The image is in mint condition. Whatever blemishes you see in the current photos. Excellent. Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As commanding general, Grant led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and briefly served as U.S. secretary of war. An effective civil rights executive, Grant signed a bill to create the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. Grant was born in Ohio and graduated from West Point in 1843. He served with distinction in the Mexican–American War, but resigned from the army in 1854 and returned to civilian life impoverished. In 1861, shortly after the Civil War began, Grant joined the Union Army and rose to prominence after securing Union victories in the western theater. In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign that gave Union forces control of the Mississippi River and dealt a major strategic blow to the Confederacy. President Abraham Lincoln promoted Grant to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign which ended with capture of Lee's army at Appomattox, where he formally surrendered to Grant. In 1866, President Andrew Johnson promoted Grant to General of the Army. Later, Grant broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies. A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and then elected president in 1868. As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the Fifteenth Amendment, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. In 1871, he created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing the civil service more than any prior president. Grant was re-elected in the 1872 presidential election, but was inundated by executive scandals during his second term. His response to the Panic of 1873 was ineffective in halting the Long Depression, which contributed to the Democrats winning the House majority in 1874. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into Anglo-American culture. In Grant's foreign policy, the Alabama Claims against Britain were peacefully resolved, but the Senate rejected Grant's annexation of Santo Domingo. In the disputed 1876 presidential election, Grant facilitated the approval by Congress of a peaceful compromise. Leaving office in 1877, Grant undertook a world tour, meeting prominent figures and becoming the first president to circumnavigate the world. In 1880, he was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican nomination for a third term. In 1885, facing severe financial reversals and dying of throat cancer, Grant wrote his memoirs, covering his life through the Civil War, which were posthumously published and became a major critical and financial success. At his death, Grant was the most popular American and was memorialized as a symbol of national unity. Due to the Lost Cause myth spread by Confederate sympathizers around the turn of the 20th century, historical assessments and rankings of Grant's presidency suffered considerably before they began recovering in the 21st century. Grant's critics take a negative view of his economic mismanagement and the corruption within his administration, while his admirers emphasize his policy towards Native Americans, vigorous enforcement of civil and voting rights for African Americans, and securing North and South as a single nation within the Union. Modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointments of Cabinet reformers.

This is the official bodyguard for the elite guards who guarded the lives of the Khedive of Egypt. The term “Khedive” (Ottoman Turkish: is a title largely equivalent to the English word “viceroy”.) It was first used, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha (Turkish: Kavalali Mehet Ali Pasha, General Muhammad Ali of Kavala), the governor of Egypt and Sudan, and vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867 and, until 1914, was used by Ismail Pasha and his dynastic successors. This armor is circa 1865. The 1860s were Egypt’s golden imperial years when she attempted to build a modern navy and the empire cooperated with other imperial powers such as France and trade was established. This set of armor was produced for the Khedive in France. The helmet bears an arrow-pointed nose guard that also bears the feathered shaft of said projectile’s shape. The chinstrap and liner are missing. At the very top crown of the helmet is the crescent of Islam. The combination of star and crescent are militaristic nationalist emblems of the various states of the Ottoman Empire. This is the official bodyguard for the elite guards who guarded the lives of the Khedive of Egypt. The term “Khedive” (Ottoman Turkish: is a title largely equivalent to the English word “viceroy”.) It was first used, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha (Turkish: Kavalali Mehet Ali Pasha, General Muhammad Ali of Kavala), the governor of Egypt and Sudan, and vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867 and, until 1914, was used by Ismail Pasha and his dynastic successors. This armor is circa 1865. The 1860s were Egypt’s golden imperial years when she attempted to build a modern navy and the empire cooperated with other imperial powers such as France and trade was established. This set of armor was produced for the Khedive in France. The helmet bears an arrow-pointed nose guard that also bears the feathered shaft of said projectile’s shape. The chinstrap and liner are missing. At the very top crown of the helmet is the crescent of Islam. The combination of star and crescent are militaristic nationalist emblems of the various states of the Ottoman Empire. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Much like our European cousins in the 1880s, the U.S. Army started to adopt spiked pith helmets, often in white, with all brass mounts and occasionally plumes. These saw active service in the Spanish American War of 1898 especially in the tropical climate in Cuba. While often referred to as "pith helmets" in the broad sense, it was made from cork, like many European variants, such as the Wolseley pattern used by the British. This helmet dates to the 1880s, and it really is quite striking. This is not the type of helmet that was worn in the field, but instead one intended for use with the "dress" uniform for ceremonial occasions. It is beautifully made from cork covered with brown fabric, The Helmet plate displays the New York Guard Seal helmet plate; an Eagle perched atop a shield, wings spread, the letter “C” in front and a banner below marked “Excelsior”. Comes complete with its original cruciform base and yellow plume for Cavalry. The overall condition of the helmet is near mint given its age. The Model 1881 Dress Helmet was worn only for full dress events. The helmet evolved from the earlier Model 1872 helmets worn only by the Cavalry, Light Artillery and Signal Corps. In 1881, the new helmet design was adopted for use by all enlisted troops and for officers of the Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery. (General and Staff officers continued to wear a chapeau de bra as they had for many years…) For enlisted troops, the helmet was made of black felt, while officers could buy a helmet of black cloth over a cork or felt base. Atop the helmet of all mounted troops is a brass plume holder, resting on a brass base having an oak leaf and acorns motif, while the plume holder itself is engraved with an eagle and star. For enlisted men, a thin rod with two circular plates at the top clamps the base of the horsehair plume and rests atop the plume holder, while officers had a similar device to let the plume appear like it was fountain sprung from their heads. The plume’s color depended on the branch of service the soldier was in: white for mounted Infantry officers, red for Artillery and yellow for Cavalry. The Arms of the United States forms the large insignia on the helmet’s face. Again, depending on the branch of service, one of four different eagle designs formed the insignia. Enlisted troops in branches other than the “Big Three” wore the general services eagle, while dismounted officers from another corps wore either an Infantry or an Artillery plate. For all Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry personnel, a small white metal numeral of the assigned regiment is affixed by small wires to the shield of the eagle plate. Other corps had a small device to signify their assigned branch. For all mounted troops, the helmet cord is hung on the helmet from two devices. For enlisted troops, the cord’s color matched that of their branch, while all officers wore a two-piece cord of braided, gilt thread. The cord’s braided bands drape over the front and back of the helmet. The remainder then falls to the left shoulder and gets secured by a slide, goes around both sides of the head and gets secured by another slide, then around both sides of the right arm and gets secured by a third slide, then the two lozenge ends are secured to a button on the frock coat and simply dangle. For all officers, a brass chain chinstrap hangs from two corps-faced buttons with hooks on them. All dismounted officers of Infantry and Heavy Artillery wore the same helmet and base plate, but with a plain brass spike on top. Those officers also wore the brass chain chinstrap. It was draped across the helmet’s face, from a shield hook on the helmet’s upper right back to the left helmet button, when not being used. Enlisted troops had a simple leather band for a chin strap, with two corps-faced buttons on the sides. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

This Georgian officer's gorget measures 11 x 9 cm, and retains much of its original fire gilding as well as the original leather backing. Known as the 1796 Universal Pattern Gorget, these were worn as part of the uniform by all officers of the British Army. The condition is outstanding, with a crisp engraved Royal Monogram of King George III, surmounted by the Georgian Crown, and flanked with the olive branches. Scarce now, this particular example dates ca.1796-early 1800s, and comfortably fits into the period spanning the French Revolutionary War, Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. Excellent.

Very nice U.S. Militia bell crown "tar bucket" shako. Used by regular forces as well as militia units from 1820-1835. Shako retains the original pressed leather rosette with star pattern militia button, silvered scalloped scales, and silver eagle side rosettes. Nice arched drop in the back adds a more dramatic look to the overall form. CONDITION: Overall shape is intact with a nice arched drop back still holding its overall shape. Original horsehair plume is still present. Typical crazing and expected period commensurate wear to the tarred black finish over pressed leather. Excellent. This wonderful Shako came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Early 1830's US Militia Beaver Felt Hat with a lovely, toned Militia Plate measuring 4 1/2 X 4 1/4 inches being pressed tin with a heavy patina with red and blue paint. The interior still retains the leatherette sweatband with a label to the crown that says EXCELSIOR STATE ST. MONTPELIER G. L. KINSMAN. Hat is roughly 7 1/2 inches tall with some damage to the tall sweatband. The museum has this hat belonging to a Captain Jed Burnell of Burlington Connecticut. Excellent. This wonderful Hat came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Patriotic Mexican Sombrero with a US Federal Eagle to the front that is completely embroidered with crossed American and Mexican Flags. To the center of the chest is a M1890 US Scout Service Silvered Hat Badge to its center. It's obvious it's been there forever. This wonderful Hat came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired. Native and Alaskan Native American military members have been on the forefront of this nation's military fist and cradling arms. In most cases the exploits of Native American sailors, soldiers and airmen are overlooked leaving one to pause or take note as to why they did what they did. How could a people any people in the face of such adversity continue to support and defend the constitution of a nation that did not include them in the pursuits of life, liberty, happiness and citizenship? Even so they served and this service lead to equality for all minorities. Native and Alaskan Native Americas have played an important role while serving as scouts for the U.S. Military.When this nation initially declared their freedoms from tyranny it did not include Native Americans as a people requiring freedom. Though when the call to arms arose from this fledgling nation Native Americans were often the first to join the continental army as soldiers and scouts. There were many Native Americans who joined the army and fought alongside their white and black counterparts, froze with General Washington at Valley Forge and eventually contributed to this nation's freedom. In an attempt to give the full picture Native Americans fought for the British as well and in some cases this splintered Native Confederations. After the war those Native tribes that sided with the British were poorly treated. In some cases it did not matter what military a People fought for, their villages were destroyed anyway. "In 1779, General Washington sent an army of 4,000 soldiers, led by Generals Sullivan and Clinton to western New York to stop the raids on the frontier and punish the Iroquois for supporting the British during the Revolutionary War. They marched across the state, burning villages, corn fields, orchards and granaries, and destroyed anything and everything that belonged to the Iroquois. Many Iroquois escaped certain death by leaving their villages and hiding in the woods. Joseph Brant and his followers escaped to Canada. This destruction of the Iroquois became known as the Sullivan Campaign. It did not matter to the soldiers which side the Iroquois had fought on, or if they were friendly or hostile. The strength of the Iroquois Confederacy was doomed. The Sullivan Campaign was clearing out all of the Iroquois to make way for American settlers after the Revolutionary War." It was not long after the end of the Revolutionary War that Britain once again attempted to take control of the colonies and once again Native Americans had to choose a side. "The War of 1812 was an important conflict with broad and lasting consequences, particularly for the native inhabitants of North America. During the pivotal years before the war, the United States wanted to expand its territories, a desire that fueled the invasion of native homelands throughout the interior of the continent. Tribal nations of the lower Great Lakes, including the Shawnee, Potawatomi, Ojibwa, and others saw their lands at risk. The same was true for the Muscogee Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, Cherokee and Chickasaw in the south.The Native leaders who emerged in response to this expansion shared a single concern, that of protecting tribal lands. There were Indians who sided with the Americans -- Red Jacket and Farmer's Brother led a Seneca faction to help the Americans at the Battles of Fort George and Chippewa. But most Indian nations sided with the British against the U.S, believing that a British victory might mean an end to expansion. In all, more than two dozen native nations participated in the war. In addition to the Lower Great Lakes Indians, led by Tecumseh, and Southern Indians, the Mohawks fought under Chief John Norton to hold onto their lands in southern Quebec and eastern Ontario." By the time of the Civil War, Native Americans in the military were a common sight. However, it was not until after the Civil War that Native Americans really found their place in the military. The Federal government could not ignore the large contributions of Native Americans in the Civil War and in 1866 the voice of the nation was heard. The Army Reorganization Act of 1866 authorized the President, "to enlist and employ in the Territories and Indian country a force of Indians, not to exceed one thousand, to act as scouts, who shall receive the pay and allowances of cavalry soldiers, and be discharged whenever the necessity for further employment is abated, at the discretion of the department commander." Later, "War Department General Order No. 28, issued March 9, 1891, authorized Native Americans to be enlisted in the Regular Army and serve in Indian Companies within Regular Army infantry and cavalry regiments. The order stipulated that Company I of Infantry Regiments (excluding the 24th and 25th) and Company L of Cavalry Regiments (excluding the 9th and 10th) would contain Indian soldiers. Each existing regiment of cavalry and infantry, except the Buffalo Soldiers (black regiments), would contain one Indian Regiment. A maximum of 55 Indians were authorized for each company or troop. This change was not well received by the Army, and although the general order authorized a maximum of 1,485 Indians for Regular Army service, the actual number of recruits only reached a little over half that number at 780. The Indian Company "experiment" proved to be a complete failure in the eyes of the Army, and the men of Company L of the Seventh Cavalry were the only Indian soldiers who served out their entire enlistments, serving until 1895." Desired for their ability, dedication and warrior spirit these Indian Scouts were soon scattered throughout the Western Plains and further west at time into the most harsh and undesirable post throughout. These scouts performed admirably in all aspects of military life. Whether fighting Indians, scouting, guiding troops or guarding wagon trains heading west, they at times seemed to be the overlooked expendable military arm of the US Army. Indian Scout units were very active and pursued many well-known western characters.

Here is a beautiful original chapeau style fore and aft hat to the Civil War period. The hat itself is constructed of beaver material. This fine quality officer's chapeau is complete with ostrich feathers, gold bullion hat cords, gold bullion and silk cockade with gold eagle. As you can see, it has some wear but still displays well for the price. On the side, it has the spread wing pattern Union eagle with the stars. Excellent. The Chapeau came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this uniform was acquired.

Stellar WW1 US Army Nurse Uniform with Black Cape. The uniform is called the Gray Summer Weight Uniform with two felt Red Crosses to each lower sleeve. Coat is a 4 button front with four patch pockets with the two upper being pleated. The shoulder of the uniform has U.S. and red enameled Red Crosses. The collar sports US and Ambulance Corps Nurse devices. The matching skirt, made of the same light weight material has two pleated pockets. The long black cape shows minor fraying to the collar. Lastly a beautiful pair of Issued Red Cross Ladies Nurses Shoes. The uniform is roughly a size 12. Excellent. Within weeks of the outbreak of World War I, the Red Cross dispatched a “Mercy Ship” with medical supplies, doctors, and 125 nurses to aid military and civilian victims of the conflict. When the United States entered the war, we recruited more than 23,000 nurses to serve at home and overseas. To help overworked nurses care for returning veterans and to sustain ongoing, domestic nursing programs, the Red Cross introduced the Volunteer Nurses’ Aide Service in 1918. During the war and following the 1918 armistice, Red Cross nurses aided those afflicted by diseases that accompanied the hostilities, including the Spanish flu epidemic which began in Europe and caused an estimated 22 million deaths worldwide. The American Red Cross recruited more than 15,000 women, including nurses and others who had taken home nursing classes, to help care for flu victims in the United States. The Uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Fantastic Civil War / Indian Wars Uniform grouping of a Lt. Colonel of the Cavalry by the name of Franklin Haven. The uniform consists of Colonel Franklin's 1) Campaign hat that is Post Civil War. The hat was produced by the famed firm Pasquale Co. of San Francisco California. The navy blue felt body is in remarkable condition. To the interior a wide leather sweatband with the manufacturer's name in bold Gold gilt. The hat is roughly a size 7. 2)  STAFF OFFICERS DOUBLE BREASTED FROCK COAT. This blue wool seven button double breasted officer's frock coat has three shield breasted eagle cuff buttons with "C" in shield as do the fourteen buttons on front and four on split tail in rear. The buttons are back marked Thomas W.B. Co. Superfine Gold Plate. Green silk lining and polished linen lining in sleeves. Coat has the typical balloon elbows and long tail on the frock as seen in all period examples. The Shoulder Straps are double bordered with a yellow velvet center with Silver Oak Leaf's. The frock coat and straps strikes me as being Wartime and in impeccable condition. 3) SKI BLUE OFFICERS TROUSERS WITH PIPING. Sky blue officers trousers are in excellent condition with a silver bullion piping going down the leg. The adjustment strap to the rear of the trousers is dated 1860. The trousers have a five button fly and all the buttons are matching with gilded dish style buttons on the fly as well as the waist button for the suspenders. Trousers are named to the interior "Franklin Haven". 4) CIVIL WAR OFFICER’S CRIMSON RED SILK SWORD SASH. Worn by Federal officers in most of the branches of the United States Army, the waist sash was a common uniform accoutrement that signified a symbol of authority in the military during both field operations and camp duty. The sash, when worn over the frock coat, was wrapped twice around the waist and looped on the left side. The officer’s leather sword belt was worn over the sash. This specimen still exhibits a rich, vibrant crimson color and consists of a 4” wide by 116” long length of woven silk terminated at each end with single, 1&5/8” long ‘braided acorns’. Each of the acorns display several 7” long, twisted silk tassels secured along each acorn brim. Tassels retain their original crimson color with some scattered faded areas. Acorns are tight and strong with light fading and few dark spots. Silk sash body is in overall excellent condition with a strong tight weave and a few small snags. 5) KNEE HIGH LEATHER OFFICERS BOOTS WITH HOBNAILS. Brown leather boots that reach to the knee in excellent condition. At the mid section of the boot are tightening straps. The heels are leather stacked and to the bottom are hobnails. The are roughly about a size 10. 6) WARTIME CVD of COLONEL FRANKLIN HAVEN. The Uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Indian Wars Officers sword and Belt lot to include M1872 Officers Sword and Scabbard. Made by Henry Vallien & Co. The sword has a 34" slightly curved blade with unstopped fullers on each side and beautifully engraved. Brass hilt with ornate knuckle bow and pommel with Federal Shield and American Eagle. Retains original rayskin wrap and twisted brass wire. Solid nickel plated steel scabbard with brass mounts. The Sword belt is also in excellent condition with both leather sword hangers and Brass Plate with separately applied silver wreath. Excellent.

WW1 Armored Division Painted Helmet that has 1918 AEF a Ace of Spades Card as well as an Armored Division Patch painted to it. The helmet has a partial liner and overall is in excellent condition. I have no idea what unit it represents unfortunately. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired. The Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces was the mechanized unit that engaged in tank warfare for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front during World War I. Brigadier General Samuel D. Rockenbach, as the Chief of Tank Corps for the American Expeditionary Forces under Pershing, organized, trained, equipped and then deployed the first American tank units to the Western Front of 1918 Europe. An initial plan for 2,000 light Renault FT tanks and 200 heavy British Mark VI tanks was changed to 20 battalions of 77 light tanks each and 10 battalions of 45 heavy tanks each. A total of eight heavy battalions (the 301st to 308th) and 21 light battalions (the 326th to 346th) were raised, but only four (the 301st, 331st, 344th and 345th) saw combat. Captain George S. Patton, the first officer assigned to the unit, set up a light tank school at Bourg, France, starting on 10 November 1917. In the first half of 1918, the 326th and 327th Tank Battalions were organized at Patton's school, while the 301st Heavy Tank Battalion was raised at Camp Meade, Maryland, USA and transported to the British Tank School at Bovington Camp in southern England, for training. Combat operations: The 326th (under the command of Sereno E. Brett) and 327th Tank Battalions (later renamed the 344th and 345th and organized into the 304th Tank Brigade, commanded by Patton), were the first into combat, beginning with the Battle of Saint-Mihiel as part of the US IV Corps on 12 September 1918. The small French Renault FT tanks they were equipped with found the going hard and many were lost or ran out of fuel crossing the battlefield – the Germans, forewarned, had largely retreated from the salient. The tanks then took part in the Meuse–Argonne offensive as part of the US V Corps on 26 September. Major Brett assumed command of the 304th after Patton was injured on 26 September, the first day of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive near Cheppy, France. During the war, two members of the Tank Corps (both from the 344th Battalion) were awarded the Medal of Honor; Donald M. Call and Harold W. Roberts.

Richmond Light Infantry Blues Shako in excellent condition still retaining its original plume. The leather body with nickel furniture with Eagle Helmet Plate. The liner is also present and roughly a size 7 1/4. Excellent. The Richmond Light Infantry Blues were established 1789 as a company of voluntary militia. Named for their distinctive blue and white uniforms, the company became the 19th Regiment of Virginia Militia in 1792 and part of the 1st Virginia Regiment in 1851. In 1861, they were detached from the 1st Virginia Regiment and served throughout the Civil War as Company A, 46th Regiment, Virginia Infantry. They rejoined the 1st Virginia Regiment after the close of the war, but were chartered as an independent company in 1877, remaining so until the Spanish-American War, when they comprised Companies H and M, 4th Regiment of Virginia Volunteers. During World War I the company was assigned as the Horse Battalion, 104th Ammunition Train, 29th Division. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired.

WWI Imperial Polish Uhlan Czapka or Tschapka Helmet. The body of the helmet is made of leather, the top covered in original red cloth , the eagle plate and fish scale chin strap is of white metal, and the leather liner is complete with some edge wear. There are no extra holes in the helmet and all insignia are period and original to the piece. Excellent. The Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Lot of three WW1 items to include 1) 37MM TRENCH ART ARTILLERY SHELL. Shell is mounted on a wood base and attached to the sides of the brass casing are several momentous including a Iron Cross 2nd Class, Coins, Buttons and Mens Rings. The buttons range from US Army, Marine Corps and German. The shell is US and is marked on steel casing.  2) 75MM TRENCH ART SHELL FROM METZ. Very attractive 75mm shell that is completely inert. The shell still retaining it's projectile and fuze. The brass casing has in high relief METZ along with the Cross of Lorraine. Inside the shell are period printed maps of France. The forts of Metz are two fortified belts around the city of Metz in Lorraine. Built according to the design and theory of Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières at the end of the Second Empire—and later Hans von Biehler while Metz was under German control—they earned the city the reputation of premier stronghold of the German reich. These fortifications were particularly thorough given the city's strategic position between France and Germany. The detached forts and fortified groups of the Metz area were spared in World War I, but showed their full defensive potential in the Battle of Metz at the end of World War II. Context: Before the invention of rifled artillery, the place de Metz was considered untakeable. In the 19th century, improvements in artillery forced French engineers to conceive a new defensive system around the stronghold of Metz, the first fortified belt. For this work marshal Adolphe Niel allocated a sum of twelve million gold francs, used for four detached advance forts, Saint-Quentin and Plappeville to the west, and the Fort de Saint-Julien and Fort de Queuleu to the east. This measure, conceived by colonel Séré de Rivières, was incomplete when war broke out in 1870. After the Treaty of Frankfurt, the defenses of Metz were completed by German military engineers, who added seven more forts between 1871 et 1898. These forts, designed by Hans von Biehler, made up the first fortified belt of Metz. The purpose of this first belt was to hold attackers at a distance and keep them away, thus protecting the city from direct enemy fire. The forts could also assist troop maneuvers outside the fort by providing supporting fire. Because of advances in artillery technology, between 1899 and 1916 the first belt was reinforced by a second, composed of nine fortification groups. Based on new concepts of defense, such as dispersion and dissimulation, the fortification groups were intended to constitute an uncrossable barrier to any attacking French forces. The fortifications of Metz were part of a larger program of fortifications called Moselstellung which fortresses scattered between, Thionville et Metz in the Moselle valley. The German objective was on the one hand to protect against a French attempt to retake Alsace-Lorraine from the German Empire, and on the other to form an advance post in French defenses capable of serving as a rear base to a German offensive. For this major strategic point in the empire's defenses, the German command kept work going on the fortifications until World War I. Emperor Wilhelm II, who regularly came to Metz to inspect the construction, said on this subject: "Metz and its army corps constitute a cornerstone of the military might of Germany, destined to protect the peace of Germany, even of all of Europe, a peace I have the firm will to safeguard." Within its walls Metz was then a vibrant German garrison town manned with Bavarians in cloth caps, Prussians and Saxons in pointed helmets and dark green uniforms, and Hessians in light green uniforms. The German garrison oscillated between 15,000 and 20,000 at the beginning of the period and reached 25,000 before the First World War. Many German officers belonging to the Prussian military aristocracy settled in Metz with their families, which explains the more than forty German generals born in Metz. Rotations brought some of the most famous names of the German army there, such as Goring, Ribbentrop or Guderian, and gave the German high command the conviction that this stronghold, thought to be untakeable, was unquestionably German. At the onset of World War I Metz was considered one of the most formidable strongholds in the world. Paradoxically, the city was spared from combat. These fortifications proved their defensive capabilities at the end of the Second World War. During the Battle of Metz the forts de Metz, despite the ravages of time, despite undermanning and a definite lack of weaponry, shielding and optical equipment, blocked a powerful army, much superior to the French Army of 1914. 3) WW1 GERMAN BAYONET BUTCHER BLADE 1916 WWI. Nice butcher blade marked WAFFENFABRIK MAUSER-A.G. OBERNDORF a.N. in 1916. Second pattern model 1898/05 bayonet, with the flash guard along the back of its grips introduced in 1915, known as the S 98/05 nA ("Seitengewehr 98/05 neuer Art," or, Bayonet ‘98/’05 new Pattern).

Beautiful English Light Dragoon Cavalry Regiment Helmet that is in excellent condition. The frontal plate says Regiment Light Cavalry and auspicio regis et senatus angliae all within a English Crest of Arms. The helmet is extremely well made with a bear fur plume. The translation says it's for the Governor General's Bodyguard. Excellent. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

19th Century Italian Army Cavalry Hussars Generals Uniform Jacket or Pelisse. Beautifully quilted to the interior and is named with a tailors label. Jacket is roughly a size 38R. Black wool exterior with fine braiding to the front and trimmed in black fur on the cuffs and collar with Generals rank. The style of uniform incorporating the pelisse originated with the Hussar mercenaries of Hungary in the 17th Century. As this type of light cavalry unit became popular in Western Europe, so too did their dress. In the 19th century pelisses were in use throughout most armies in Europe, and even some in North and South America. In appearance the pelisse was characteristically a very short and extremely tight fitting (when worn) jacket, the cuffs and collar of which were trimmed with fur. The jacket was further decorated with patterns sewn in bullion lace. The front of the jacket was distinctive and featured several rows of parallel frogging and loops, and either three or 5 lines of buttons. For officers of British Hussars this frogging, regimentally differentiated, was generally of gold or silver bullion lace, to match either gold (gilt) or silver buttons. Other ranks had either yellow lace with brass buttons or white lace with 'white-metal' buttons. Lacing varied from unit to unit and country to country. The pelisse was usually worn slung over the left shoulder, in the manner of a short cloak, over a jacket of similar style - but without the fur lining or trim - called a dolman jacket. It was held in place by a lanyard. In cold weather the pelisse could be worn over the dolman. The uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this uniform was acquired.

This rare Pre WWI British 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers Skinner's Horse Field Service Forage Cap is in excellent condition and is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. Dark blue cap with yellow crown has an officer's bullion piping. To the side a Bi-metal badge with central rose over crossed lances, with a crown between the lance-heads. A scroll below bears the inscription, 'Himmat-I-Mardan Madad-I-Khuda' (God helps those that help themselves). Skinner's Horse was an irregular cavalry unit formed in 1803 by Captain James Skinner (1778-1841), an Anglo-Indian officer in the East India Company's service. Nicknamed 'The Yellow Boys' for their flamboyant saffron-coloured uniforms, Skinner's Horse were famous for their horsemanship and skill at arms. The unit became the 1st Regiment of Bengal Cavalry in 1861 and the 1st Regiment of Bengal Lancers in 1896. The Regiment was amalgamated with 3rd Skinner's Horse in 1922, to form 1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse. The regiment became part of the Indian Army Armoured Corps in 1947. The cap came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this hat was acquired.

Lot of two stellar WW1 Imperial German Steins to include 1) 1/2 Liter Stein Pioneer Garde Stein for the remembrance of their service in 1904-06 in excellent condition. Stein is named to Pioneer Becker and is maker marked to the bottom of the Stein. Excellent. 2) 1/2 Liter Stein 2nd Company Wurtemberg Pionier Battalion Number 13 Ulm Stein for the remembrance of their service in 1907-09 in excellent condition and is named to Pionier Eppler with a roster of the Company to the reverse.

19th Century Bearskin Shako measuring 10 inches tall and in excellent condition having a red sack with gold accents and a red and black horsehair plume. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. The popularity of the military headdress in its hussar form reached a height in the years immediately before World War I (1914–1918). It was widely worn in the Belgian (Guides and field artillery), British (hussars, yeomanry, and horse artillery), Dutch (cavalry and artillery), Italian (light cavalry) German (hussars), Russian (hussars), Serbian (Royal Guard) and Spanish (hussars and mounted cazadores) armies. Several armies have continued to use the headdress as a part of their full dress uniforms. There were some variations in the materials of which cavalry busbies were made. Russian Cossacks of the Imperial Guard used black sheepskin, Guard Hussars dark brown long-haired fur, and line Hussars black lambswool. All but one of the twenty Prussian Hussar regiments wore sealskin busbies dyed in black, while their officers favoured dark brown otter-skin. The Brunswick Hussar Regiment No. 17 had the distinction of being issued busbies made of bearskin. With the general conversion of British Light Dragoon regiments to hussars during the 19th century the cloth busby bag with its braided edgings became a useful means of regimental distinction. By 1900 busby bags of red, crimson, blue, white and French grey were being worn by different regiments.

The Gummimaske M15 is made of impermeable rubberized cotton fabric. The stamped round metal frames in eye glasses are made of non-combustible celluloid. The mask is held on the head by two elastic bands. A neck strap allows the gas mask to worn ready for use. The original cloth straps are present and durable with several sets of extra lenses held in the lid. Excellent.

Cased Presentation Key awarded to General Sir George A. Armytage. The golden Key is hand engraved to both sides.  to the obverse "Presented To Sir George A. Armytage Bart" and to the reverse "Hartshead Sunday School Opening of Extensions Dec. 5th 1931" The ket is housed in a leather case measuring 6 1/4 X 3 inches. George Armytage was born in 1872 and educated at Harrow. He was posted to the 4th Battalion of the Regiment on 2nd June, 1894. In 1899 he married Aimée, daughter of Sir Lionel Milborne- Swinnerton-Pilkington, a neighbour and old family friend. Of powerful physique, he took up gymnastics and became superintendent of gymnasia at Glasgow. In May 1903 he was posted as Adjutant to the Rifle Depot. After this appointment he joined the Ist Battalion of the Regiment in Egypt in 1906, serving in Khartoum and Cairo and when the Battalion came home, at Gosport and Aldershot. He was mobilized with the Battalion at Aldershot in August 1914. In the 6th Brigade of the 2nd Division of the B.E.F., George Armytage, as a regimental officer, took part in much very hard fighting in 1914 and 1915, until assuming command of the Battalion on 18th May, 1915, when Geoffrey Shakerley was Filled in the Festubert Battle. He continued to command the Battalion for a year of arduous and exhausting trench warfare and then he was appointed to command the 74th Brigade in April 1916. Before handing over command, General Horne, commanding the IV Army, had written him a most congratulatory letter, and General Sir Charles Munro also in April highly commended the work of the Battalion. He later commanded the 117th Brigade in the 39th Division. Never wounded and keeping hard and in good health, George Armytage saw much heavy fighting throughout the war. He remained at all times sound and imperturbable, which qualities were seen to their greatest advantage under the stimulus of battle. For his war services George Armytage received the D.S.O. (1917), C.M.G. (1918) with 4 mentions in Dispatches and the French Croix de Guerre. After demobilization he commanded the post bellum Ist Battalion from 18th December, 1919 to 26th May, 1920, when he was given command of the 2nd West Riding Infantry Brigade, T.A. In 1918 George had succeeded to the family estates, so the appointment was convenient and gave him an opportunity of looking after his own affairs to some extent. He retired in 1922. Coming of a family resident in Yorkshire for some 800 years and which had owned Kirklees Park since 1565, he maintained the traditions of a good and efficient landlord, well known and respected by his numerous tenanis and dependants. He is succeeded as 3rd Baronet by his son, Captain John Lionel Armytage, who served in the 60th. His grandson is a N.S. officer at present serving with the 60th.

WWI US Army Brigadier General Named Uniform named to Robert Douglas Walsh. The uniform is tailored by George Wright & Co. and is dated August 15, 1917. The uniform is double breasted with a 16 button front in excellent condition. The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Robert Douglas Walsh, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. In Command of the important base ports of St. Nazaire and Bordeaux, France, and as Deputy Director General of Transportation, General Walsh's services have been characterized by exceptional ability, energy, and devotion to duty. Robert Douglas Walsh (October 10, 1861 – August 15, 1928) was a career officer in the United States Army. An 1883 graduate of the United States Military Academy, he was a veteran of the American Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, Pancho Villa Expedition, and World War I. Walsh served until retiring in 1919, and was a recipient of the Army Distinguished Service Medal and French Legion of Honor (Commander). A native of Alleghany, California, Walsh was raised and educated in Redwood City. He was then appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point. After his 1883 graduation, he was appointed a second lieutenant of Cavalry. At the start of his career, he served in the western United States during the American Indian Wars and Spanish–American War. Later assignments included several postings to the Philippines during the Philippine–American War. During the Pancho Villa Expedition, Walsh commanded the 8th Cavalry Regiment on the Texas-Mexico border. During World War I, Walsh commanded two brigades and two U.S. bases in France and received promotion to temporary brigadier general. He retired in 1919, then worked as a New York City-based investment broker. He died in Washington, D.C. on August 15, 1928. Walsh was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Robert D. Walsh was born in Alleghany, California on October 14, 1860, a son of Michael Walsh and Johanna Walsh. He was raised and educated in Redwood City, California, and graduated from Redwood City Grammar School, the predecessor of the city's Sequoia High School. In 1878, Walsh was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated in 1883 ranked 37th of 52. Walsh's hair was red when he was a young man, causing his classmates to nickname him "Rosy," which they continued to use throughout their careers. Among his classmates were several who also attained general officer rank, including William C. Langfitt, John W. Ruckman, Ira A. Haynes, Chase W. Kennedy, Charles G. Morton, Isaac W. Littell, George H. Cameron, John W. Heard, Harry C. Hale, George W. Read, Samson L. Faison, Omar Bundy, Lawrence D. Tyson, and Clarence R. Edwards. Among his notable classmates who did not become generals was Colonel Thomas Ridgway. Walsh received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry and was assigned to the 22nd Infantry Regiment, but was soon afterwards transferred to the Cavalry and posted to the 4th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Stanton, New Mexico Territory. Start of career: From September 1883 to May 1884, Walsh served with the 4th Cavalry at Fort Stanton. He was then assigned to American Indian Wars duty at Fort Huachuca, Arizona Territory and San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, including an 1885 expedition against the Apache. He remained in Arizona until June 1887. From July 1887 to October 1887, he served at Fort Myer, Virginia, after which he returned to Arizona, where he served at Fort Huachuca and Fort Bowie. In February 1890, he received a brevet promotion to first lieutenant to recognize his heroism during an 1886 engagement against the Apache in the Patagonia Mountains. In June 1890, Walsh was assigned to Fort Walla Walla, Washington. In March 1891, he was promoted to first lieutenant in the 5th Cavalry Regiment, and in April 1891 he was transferred back to the 4th Cavalry. From July 1891 to September 1893 he served at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri. In September 1893, he was posted to Boise Barracks, Idaho, where he served until July 1899. During the Spanish–American War in 1898, Walsh served as mustering officer for United States Volunteers from Idaho and other nearby states, and in March 1899 he was promoted to captain in the 9th Cavalry Regiment. In July 1899, Walsh was promoted to temporary major in the 35th United States Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He served with this regiment in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel in December 1899, and served with the 35th Infantry until it was inactivated in April 1901. During his posting to the Philippines, Walsh served with the 35th Infantry at San Isidro, Nueva Ecija (November 1899 to January 1900), as commander of the post at Quingua (January to May 1900), with the regiment at Balbalan, San Miguel and Quingua (May to November 1900), and as commander of the post at Santa Maria, Bulacan (November 1900 to March 1901). Continued career: After returning from the Philippines, Walsh was reduced to his permanent rank of captain, and he performed mustering out duty for United States Volunteers at the Presidio of San Francisco from May to July 1901. He served again at Fort Walla Walla from July to November 1901, and was assigned to duty as inspector of horses. He was on recruiting duty at Fort Slocum, New York from November 1901 to January 1902. Walsh was posted to the Philippines again in January 1902, and he remained on duty there until October. He was assigned to Fort Walla Walla as commander of a Cavalry troop from October 1902 to October 1904. He continued in command at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he served from October 1904 to July 1906. From July to September 1906, Walsh was chief quartermaster of the summer maneuver camp that took place at Fort Leavenworth. He was again in command of a Cavalry troop from September 1906 to July 1908. From August 1908 to January 1911, Walsh performed recruiting duty in Chicago. He was transferred to the 13th Cavalry in February 1909, and was promoted to permanent major in February 1910. From January to March 1911, Walsh was a student at the Fort Leavenworth Army Service Schools. He was then assigned to Fort Sam Houston, Texas as commander of 2nd Squadron, 11th Cavalry Regiment, where he served from March to August 1911. From August 1911 to June 1912, he was a student at the United States Army War College. He performed detached staff duty at Governors Island, New York from August to October 1912, after which he was assigned to take the Mounted Service School course at Fort Riley, Kansas. In December 1912, Walsh was assigned to command of a Cavalry squadron at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Later career: In May 1913, Walsh was transferred to the 8th Cavalry Regiment, with which he served at Camp Stotsenburg, Philippines from July 1913 to November 1914. In April 1914, he was promoted to permanent lieutenant colonel. He remained in the Philippines and served at Fort William McKinley from November 1914 to August 1915. After his return to the United States, Walsh served during the Pancho Villa Expedition as commander of the 8th Cavalry at Fort Bliss, Texas. Walsh performed recruiting duty in New York City from April 1916 to August 1917, and he was promoted to colonel in July 1916. In August 1917, he was promoted to temporary brigadier general and assigned to Camp Beauregard, Louisiana, where he assumed command of the 78th Infantry Brigade, a unit of the 39th Division. He led this brigade through its organization and training, then traveled with it to France. He served as commander of the army base at Saint-Nazaire from December 1917 to July 1918. From July to November 1918, he was deputy director of transportation for the American Expeditionary Forces. From November 1918 to March 1919, Walsh commanded the army base at Bordeaux. From March to May 1919, Walsh commanded the 163rd Infantry Brigade, a unit of the 82nd Division, which he led from France to the United States and demobilized. On June 1, 1919, he returned to his permanent rank of colonel, and he retired on June 30. Walsh's wartime service was recognized with the award of the Army Distinguished Service Medal and French Legion of Honor (Commander). After retiring, Walsh lived in New York City, where he worked as an investment broker. He died in Washington, D.C. on August 15, 1928. Walsh was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. In 1930, the U.S. Congress enacted a law permitting World War I's general officers to retire at their highest rank, and Walsh's grade of brigadier general was posthumously restored. Family: In 1894, Walsh married Susan LeGrow; her sister Grace was the wife of Brigadier General John S. Winn. Robert and Susan Walsh were the parents of son Robert LeGrow Walsh, a career officer who retired as a major general.

U.S. World War 1 1917 L.F.& C. trench knife in near mint condition. This knife measures 14" overall. The blade itself measures 9". This knife has 6 point knuckle guard. 'U.S. L.F.&C. 1917' is stamped on the guard. The scabbard is stamped 'M.S.' on the upper and lower fitting. The green leather portion of the scabbard is stamped 'JEWELL - 1918'. Excellent

Much like our European cousins in the 1880s, the U.S. Army started to adopted spiked pith helmets, sometimes in white, with all brass mounts and occasionally plumes. These saw active service in the Spanish American War of 1898 especially in the tropical climate in Cuba. While often called "Pith Helmets", the U.S. variety was usually made of cork or other materials. This helmet is in white, and is the standard spiked infantry helmet, possibly for an officer. It has chin strap hook buttons on the sides. There is a light gray lining and a full leather sweatband. Beautifully maker marked Henderson Ames Company of Kalamazoo Michigan. The front of the helmet has a large EXCELSIOR Brigade helmet plate, with the number 12 on the shield. The 12th Infantry Regiment was one of twelve New York State National Guard infantry regiments that were federalized for service in the Spanish-American War. The 12th Regiment was originally formed in late June of 1847. It was initially known as the 11th Regiment and contained a collection of ten companies from a number of different units. Over the next few years companies were added and subtracted until 1859 when the 12th Regiment was principally composed of companies from the 22nd Regiment and the few remaining founding companies. During the Civil War the 12th served for several three month terms and was present for a number of engagements, including the surrender of Harper’s Ferry, WV in which the entire regiment was taken prisoner by Stonewall Jackson’s confederates. Following the war the 12th Regiment served in the Orange riots of 1871, the railroad riots of 1877, the switchman’s strike in Buffalo of 1892, and the motormen’s strike in Brooklyn of 1895. The regiment was mustered into federal service and reorganized to a twelve-company format on May 13th, 1898 at Camp Townsend, NY. It was officially designated the “12th Regiment Infantry, New York Vols.” on the same date. The 12th Regiment stayed at Camp Townsend for only a few days before it was moved south to Chickamauga Park in Tennessee. The regiment arrived at Chickamauga on the 20th of May and was ordered to set up at Camp George H. Thomas where it remained until August 24th, 1898 when it departed for Lexington, KY bound for garrison duty. On November 13th the regiment departed Lexington for Americus, GA where a new camp was set up. On December 26th the 12th Regiment left camp en route for Cuba, where it arrived on the 1st of January 1899 and took up garrison duty at Matanzas and Cardenas. On March 20th, 1899 the regiment was sent home to New York City where it arrived on March 27th and was mustered out on April 20th, 1899. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired.

Cased Victorian Hussar Bearskin Busby in excellent condition used by the Royal Horse Artillery, and has been ever since the infamous “Charge of the Light Brigade” in the 1850s. The helmet is complete with the symbolic right side “Blue Bag” and yellow/gold cord surrounding, along with chin scales and yellow cockade and feather plume. Size is approximately a US 7 1/4 and is maker marked HAWKES & Co. HELMET, CAP, SWORD ACCOUTREMENT MAKERS Piccadilly London. Hawkes & Company (English, founded 1771), late 19th to early 20th century. Busby (Military Headdress) Busby is the English name for the Hungarian prémes csákó ("fur shako") or kucsma, a military head-dress made of fur, originally worn by Hungarian hussars. In its original Hungarian form the busby was a cylindrical fur cap, having a bag of colored cloth hanging from the top. The end of this bag was attached to the right shoulder as a defense against saber cuts. In Great Britain busbies are of two kinds: (a) the hussar busby, cylindrical in shape, with a bag; this is worn by hussars and the Royal Horse Artillery; (b) the rifle busby, a folding cap of astrakhan (curly lambswool) formerly worn by rifle regiments, in shape somewhat resembling a Glengarry but taller. Both have straight plumes in the front of the headdress. The popularity of this military headdress in its hussar form reached a height in the years immediately before World War I (1914–1918). It was widely worn in the British (hussars, yeomanry, and horse artillery), German (hussars), Russian (hussars), Dutch (cavalry and artillery), Belgian (Guides and field artillery), Bulgarian (Life Guards), Romanian (cavalry), Austro-Hungarian (Hungarian generals), Serbian (Royal Guards), Spanish (hussars and mounted cazadores) and Italian (light cavalry) armies. There were some variations in the materials of which cavalry busbies were made. Thus Russian Cossacks of the Imperial Guard used black sheepskin, Guard Hussars dark brown long-haired fur, and line Hussars black lambswool. All but one of the twenty Prussian Hussar regiments wore sealskin busbies dyed in black, while their officers favored dark brown otter-skin. The Brunswick Hussar Regiment No. 17 had the distinction of being issued busbies made of bearskin. Possibly the name's original sense of a "busby wig" came from association with Richard Busby, headmaster of Westminster School in the late seventeenth century; the later phrase buzz wig may have been derived from busby. An alternative explanation is that the British hussar cap of the early 19th century was named after the hatter who supplied the officer's version—W. Busby of the Strand London. The modern British busby is worn with full dress by the Waterloo Band of The Rifles, the Royal Horse Artillery and ceremonial detachments at regimental expense. In its hussar version it is now made of black nylon fur, although Bandmasters still retain the original animal fur. The busby should not be mistaken for the much taller bearskin cap, worn most notably by the five regiments of Foot Guards of the Household Division (Grenadier, Coldstream, Scots, Irish and Welsh Guards). Around 1900 the word "busby" was used colloquially to denote the tall bear and raccoon skin "caps" worn by foot guards and fusiliers and the feather bonnets of Highland infantry. This usage is now obsolete. The Busby came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Busby was acquired.

WW1 US Army Tank Corps Painted Helmet complete with liner and chinstrap. To the front a Armored Divisional insignia and to the reverse the iconic Black Cat with Treat Em Rough, all painted in black. The Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired. The Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Forces was the mechanized unit that engaged in tank warfare for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front during World War I. Organization: Brigadier General Samuel D. Rockenbach, as the Chief of Tank Corps for the American Expeditionary Forces under Pershing, organized, trained, equipped and then deployed the first American tank units to the Western Front of 1918 Europe. An initial plan for 2,000 light Renault FT tanks and 200 heavy British Mark VI tanks was changed to 20 battalions of 77 light tanks each and 10 battalions of 45 heavy tanks each. A total of eight heavy battalions (the 301st to 308th) and 21 light battalions (the 326th to 346th) were raised, but only four (the 301st, 331st, 344th and 345th) saw combat. Captain George S. Patton, the first officer assigned to the unit, set up a light tank school at Bourg, France, starting on 10 November 1917. In the first half of 1918, the 326th and 327th Tank Battalions were organized at Patton's school, while the 301st Heavy Tank Battalion was raised at Camp Meade, Maryland, USA and transported to the British Tank School at Bovington Camp in southern England, for training. Combat operations: The 326th (under the command of Sereno E. Brett) and 327th Tank Battalions (later renamed the 344th and 345th[7] and organized into the 304th Tank Brigade, commanded by Patton), were the first into combat, beginning with the Battle of Saint-Mihiel as part of the US IV Corps on 12 September 1918. The small French Renault FT tanks they were equipped with found the going hard and many were lost or ran out of fuel crossing the battlefield – the Germans, forewarned, had largely retreated from the salient.[8] The tanks then took part in the Meuse–Argonne offensive as part of the US V Corps on 26 September. Major Brett assumed command of the 304th after Patton was injured on 26 September, the first day of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive near Cheppy, France. During the war, two members of the Tank Corps (both from the 344th Battalion) were awarded the Medal of Honor; Donald M. Call and Harold W. Roberts.

Excellent condition Military Busby with a blue Horsehair Plume and Yellow Sack is complete with a wide leather sweatband. The Busby is black cotton lined and in excellent condition. The popularity of the military headdress in its hussar form reached a height in the years immediately before World War I (1914–1918). It was widely worn in the Belgian (Guides and field artillery), British (hussars, yeomanry, and horse artillery), Dutch (cavalry and artillery), Italian (light cavalry) German (hussars), Russian (hussars), Serbian (Royal Guard) and Spanish (hussars and mounted cazadores) armies. Several armies have continued to use the headdress as a part of their full dress uniforms. There were some variations in the materials of which cavalry busbies were made. Russian Cossacks of the Imperial Guard used black sheepskin, Guard Hussars dark brown long-haired fur, and line Hussars black lambswool. All but one of the twenty Prussian Hussar regiments wore sealskin busbies dyed in black, while their officers favoured dark brown otter-skin. The Brunswick Hussar Regiment No. 17 had the distinction of being issued busbies made of bearskin. With the general conversion of British Light Dragoon regiments to hussars during the 19th century the cloth busby bag with its braided edgings became a useful means of regimental distinction. By 1900 busby bags of red, crimson, blue, white and French grey were being worn by different regiments. The Busby came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Lot of two WW1 US Army Uniforms of the 4th Infantry Division and the 28th Infantry Division. Both uniforms are in excellent condition. The 4th Division uniform is an officers grade uniform bearing the 4th Division SSI as well as his Red Discharge Stripe and a single Gold discharge stripe. The tunic also has a two place ribbon bar with Mexican Border Service and Victory Medal with a Star device.Officer collar devices and bullion 1st Lt. Bars. The uniform was tailored by Browning, King & Co. and is named to the interior but is difficult to read. Trousers are also in very good condition. Uniform is roughly a size 36R. 2) 28th Division Enlisted uniform bears the 28th Div. SSI, red discharge stripe and two gold overseas stripes. The collar has typical US and Infantry collar disks. The trousers have been modified with a wool blanket as seen in the photos. Tunic is roughly a size 36R 1235-359 1235-411. World War I 4th Division History: The 4th Division was organized at Camp Greene, North Carolina on 10 December 1917 under the command of Maj. Gen. George H. Cameron. It was here they adopted their distinctive insignia, the four ivy leaves. The ivy leaf came from the Roman numerals for four (IV) and signified their motto "Steadfast and Loyal". The division was organized as part of the United States buildup following the Declaration of War on 6 April 1917 and the entry of the United States into the war on the side of the British and French. St. Mihiel Offensive: For the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, the division moved into an area south of Verdun as part of the First United States Army. General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) on the Western Front, had gotten the French and British to agree that the AEF would fight under its own organizational elements. One of the first missions assigned to the AEF was the reduction of the Saint-Mihiel salient. The 4th Division, assigned to V Corps, was on the western face of the salient. The plan was for V Corps to push generally southeast and to meet IV Corps who was pushing northwest, thereby trapping the Germans in the St. Mihiel area. The 59th Infantry Regiment moved into an area previously occupied by the French, deploying along a nine kilometer front. On 12 September, the first patrols were sent forward by the 59th. The 4th Division attack began on 14 September with the 8th Brigade capturing the town of Manheulles. All along the front, the American forces pressed forward and closed the St. Mihiel salient.Occupation duty: Under the terms of the Armistice, Germany was to evacuate all territory west of the Rhine. American troops were to relocate to the center section of this previously German-occupied area all the way to the Koblenz bridgehead on the Rhine. The 4th marched into Germany, covering 330 miles in 15 days where it was widely dispersed over an area with Bad Bertrich as division headquarters. The division established training for the men as well as sports and educational activities. In April 1919 the division moved to a new occupation area further north on the Rhine. The division went north to Ahrweiler, Germany, in the Rheinland-Pfalz area. In July the division returned to France and the last detachment sailed for the United States on 31 July 1919.World War I 28th Division History: In 1914 the division was designated the 7th Division as part of a broad reorganization of the National Guard. On 29 June 1916, the 7th Division was mustered into federal service at Mount Gretna and deployed to El Paso, Texas, to serve along the Mexican border as the Regular Punitive Expedition entered Mexico. Major General Charles M. Clement commanded, directing the First Brigade comprising the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Regiments, the Second Brigade the 10th, 16th, and 18th Regiments, and the Third Brigade the 4th, 6th, and 8th Regiments. There was also a regiment of cavalry and one of artillery, plus two companies of signals troops and medical units. The camp outside El Paso gained the title 'Camp Stewart' after the Adjutant General, Thomas J. Stewart. On 19 September, one brigade was sent home. On 14 November, the 1st Artillery left for home; the 18th Infantry left for Pennsylvania on 18 December, and the remainder of the division between 2–19 January 1917. It appears that most of the division was mustered out of federal service on 23 February 1917 at Philadelphia. The remnant left on the border included the 8th and 13th Regiments, the newly formed 3rd Artillery and Company C of the Engineers. They were released from active service in March 1917. However, the call-up process for World War I was underway as these units left the border. The 13th Regiment began its return home from Texas on 21 March 1917, but en route were told that their mustering-out orders had been rescinded. Federalization: The division moved to Camp Hancock, Georgia, in April 1917, the same month of the American entry into World War I, and was there when the entire division was federalized on 5 August 1917. From May to 11 October 1917, the division was reorganized into the two-brigade, four-regiment scheme, also known as a square division, and thus became the 28th Division. The Turner Publishing account says that: The situation for the division at Camp Hancock was dismal. The men arrived there in summer uniforms, which were not replaced by winter ones until the winter was well along. Adequate blankets were not available until January. Training equipment was woeful. There was but one bayonet for each three men; machine guns made of wood; and there was but one 37-mm gun for the whole division. Overseas service: By May 1918, after several months of training, the division had arrived in Europe, and began training with the British. On 14 July, ahead of an expected German offensive, the division was moving forward, with most of it committed to the second line of defense south of the Marne River and east of Château-Thierry. As the division took up defensive positions, the Germans commenced their attack, which became the Battle of Chateau-Thierry, with a fierce artillery bombardment. When the German assault collided with the main force of the 28th, the fighting became bitter hand-to-hand combat. The 28th repelled the German forces and decisively defeated their enemy. However, four isolated companies of the 109th and 110th Infantry stationed on the first defensive line suffered heavy losses. After the battle, General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force, visited the battlefield and declared that the 28th soldiers were "Men of Iron" and named the 28th ID as his "Iron Division." The 28th developed a red keystone-shaped shoulder patch, officially adopted on 27 October 1918. During World War I, the division was involved in the Meuse-Argonne, Champagne-Marne, Aisne-Marne including the Battle of Fismes and Fismette, Oise-Aisne, and Ypres-Lys (FA) operations. During the war, it took a total of 14,139 casualties (2,165 killed and 11,974 wounded). Two individuals received the Medal of Honor: Sergeant James I. Mestrovitch, Company C, 111th Infantry; and Major Joseph H. Thompson, Headquarters, 110th Infantry. Edwin Martin wrote about the history of the division during World War I can be found in his book The Twenty-Eighth Division: Pennsylvania's Guard in the World War.

U.S. World War 1 1917 L.F.& C. trench knife in near mint condition. This knife measures 14" overall. The blade itself measures 9". This knife has 6 point knuckle guard. 'U.S. L.F.&C. 1917' is stamped on the guard. The scabbard is stamped 'M.S.' on the upper and lower fitting. The green leather portion of the scabbard is stamped 'JEWELL - 1918'. Excellent

A French made WWI Au Lion trench knife. Double sided blade finished bright. Brass handle. Left ricasso stamped with the "Reposed Lion / AU LION". Marked "U.S. 1918" on right side of grip. MEASUREMENTS: Blade is 5-3/4". 11-1/2 overall. Both hooks are present. Excellent

Original WW1 British Army RAMC Medical Field Surgeon's Instrument Set with many instruments. Bone cutter. Amputation blade, scalpels and so much more. Case had a removal tray. Some tools have minor rust. Excellent.

German Model M1895 to World War One Officers Pickelhaube. Hessen Pickelhaube are unique in that all ranks utilized a combination of a cruciform spike base with rounded front visors in gilt or German fittings dependent upon the Regiment. Hessen officers Hessen Officer Pickelhaubes are also unique in that in addition to the cruciform spike base with a rounded front visors, they did not have a Perlring around the neck of the spike and utilized rounded studs on the cruciform spike base instead of the typical officer stars. This type of helmet is around 1900 production. The body is black lacquered leather and the gilded fittings have gold wash worn in places. The Wappen shows the Hesse Lion and Wreath, again in gilded metal. The inside has worn leather sweatband. The Reich's cockade (black, white, red) is on the right of the shell and the Hesse (white, red, white, red, white) is on the left.

Imperial German Damascus Lion Head Officer's Sword with Scabbard. Blade is in excellent, bright and clean condition. Engraved to both sides with gold gilt. Nice patina to the brass fitting. Grip wrap in Rayskin is present. Nickel plated scabbard with two brass hangers. Throat screws are also present. Scabbard retains about 95% nickel. Overall length is 38 inches long with a 32 inch long blade. Excellent.

WWI Imperial German 1917 model stick grenade hit by shrapnel. Crisp markings to the wooden handle J/2SeK F.A.B.. End cap and pull bead are still present with the string and complete fuze assembly that has been deactivated. Shows the expected age and wear.

Imperial German Fire Service Dagger. The dagger has a double engraved blade with graying and spotting however, decent overall. The leather covered wood grip and nickel silver grip wire in good condition and nickel silver handle fitting also in good condition. The leather scabbard is in good condition as well. The nickel silver fittings on scabbard are also very worn with indentations in upper fitting. Approximately 18 1/2 inch blade, and approximately 24 inches in overall length in scabbard. A hard-to-find Fire Service dagger in good condition.

WW1 US Army 15th Artillery Regiment 1st Battalion of the 2nd Division painted helmet. English made helmet is in excellent condition. To the front of the helmet is a hand painted unit insignia in the from of a brown rectangle with a white star and to the center is a nicely detailed Indian head. Helmet is in excellent condition still retaining the original liner and chinstrap. World War I The 15th Field Artillery (FA) Regiment was organized in Syracuse, New York on 1 June 1917. Assignment to the 2nd Infantry Division (2nd ID) followed on 21 September 1917, and earned them the unofficial nickname as the Indianheads. The coat of arms of the 15th FA contains a French 75mm howitzer with the Indianhead of the 2nd ID patch incised in the wheel. The 15th FA participated in six major campaigns during World War I and helped win the "War to end all Wars".

Nazi German RLB short dress bayonet. Blade is marked Eickhorn. The blade is 9 7/8" and overall is 15 3/8". Overall Near Mint

This is a choice example of a Fireman’s Dress Axe as worn for ceremonial and formal occasions by firemen in the Third Reich during World War Two. It is in excellent condition overall, extremely well preserved considering its age. The brightly polished nickel head has a quality polished finish. The handle is black painted wood and shows only minor wear with a few very small dings. The handle fit remains very tight and none of the original nickel-finished studs show any signs of tampering. The upper part of the handle close to the head retain rings for suspending the axe in wear. This fireman’s dress axe is very impressive and would be hard to upgrade. The axe measures 15 1/2" in overall length and the head is 7 inches wide. Firefighting as a vocation dates back hundreds of years in Germany. In 1938, the Nazis nationalized the local fire departments, and made them a part of the police force. In large cities, volunteer fire departments augmented the full-time teams. During the war, compulsory fire departments were also formed. As with the members of any Third Reich civil organizations, the men in the various firefighting departments wore a variety of uniforms, from coveralls and work clothing, to dress uniforms. Firemen had to obtain their own edged weapons for ceremonial and formal occasions. They could choose to wear either a dress bayonet, or a dress axe. The dress axes were all private purchase, though one could have received one as a presentation gift. There was no one set pattern for these, and they reflected individual taste. The most simple versions featured polished nickel heads, and black or brown wood handles. More elaborate examples were also produced some with ebony or even real ivory handles and luxury gold fittings.

Stellar wooden target measuring 32 1/2 inches wide having an illustration of the Wehrmacht Forces of the Heer and Kriegsmarine with a profile image of Adolf Hitler and is artist signed and dated 1935. To the top in gothic script "Abschießen 20.Octbr 1935 Wir haben unsere Ehre wieden" to the bottom "gesrh. Fr. Vetter - (Stand) Ph. herrnbrod (klein-kahber)". Excellent.

World War II M3 Fighting Knife. Made by PAL, marked on the blade and dated 1943. Stacked leather washer handle, with Ordnance bursting bomb proof mark on the pommel. Blade shows light service wear. Comes in original M6 leather sheath, dated 1943 made by MILSCO. The leather retaining strap which holds the handle is also present and in excellent condition.

WWII Brass handled knuckle knife measuring 10 1/4 overall with a triangular blade that measures 5 1/2 inches. There is Asian and most likely Japanese Kanji impressed to the side. Scabbard is made from a British MKIII Scabbard. Excellent.

Made in the style of the Fairbairn-Sykes Commando Knife developed by the British and adopted by America. There are reports of similar knives in use with intelligence agencies. The double edged blade measures 6¾" long with a dark and 1/8 inch thick oval steel handguard. No maker's markings are present. Early style grip, darkened brass with sharp knurling and a brass nut pommel. Sheath is constructed from steel and leather with the leather porting similar to the more conventional sheaths but made without a belt hanger and fitted to a green painted steel frame which encloses the tip, supports the entire back, and expands to a 3 inch wide head with 4 slits for running a belt. The sheath was nicknamed the Pancake Flipper for its resemblance to a spatula. Excellent

WWII Nazi German Lidded .45L Stein made of leaded crystal with a presentation lid. The lid has a U-Boot Badge engraved with the inscription Stadt Der deutschen Kriegsmarine. Excellent

WWII Nazi German Waffen SS Suitcase marked SS Lebensborn with a Red Cross and SS Runes to its center and Bad Polzin. Case measures 21 1/2 X 7 X 13. Minor wear to the paint. Excellent. Nazi ideology asserted that a large and supposedly "racially pure" German population was necessary for Nazi Germany to conquer and colonize much of Europe. Therefore, the Nazi regime tried to expand the size of the so-called "national community" ("Volksgemeinschaft"). Created by the SS in late 1935 to counter Germany’s declining birthrate, the Lebensborn program began as a campaign to encourage so-called “racially valuable” Germans to have more children. Lebensborn initially focused on giving financial aid to SS men with large families and providing pregnant "German-blooded" women with medical care in comfortable maternity houses. During World War II, the program also became involved in the kidnapping of thousands of foreign children for adoption into German families.1 The featured promotional brochure was published to encourage future mothers to join the Lebensborn program. Containing several photographs of the maternity centers, this pamphlet informed potential candidates of the rules and admissions requirements for the program. Lebensborn focused on recruiting unwed women expecting babies fathered by SS men or others deemed “biologically valuable,” and copies of this brochure were likely passed discreetly to single pregnant women by their doctors or nurses. By offering single mothers secluded accommodations for the time of pregnancy and labor, these maternity centers were designed to protect women from social judgments and prevent them from seeking abortions—which were forbidden by law.2 However, women willing to join the program had to meet certain terms to prove their “Aryan” ancestry and good "hereditary health." Those accepted into the program received the benefits of medical supervision, legal support, and job placement after labor. In the case of single women, the Lebensborn central office determined whether to release children into their mother’s custody or place them with an adoptive family. Between 1936 and 1945, approximately 7,000 children were born in the Lebensborn maternity houses. Although roughly 60 percent of them were born to unmarried parents, having children outside of marriage was controversial in German society. By encouraging unwed but "racially worthy" mothers to have children, Lebensborn challenged traditional ideas about family.3 Elsewhere in its propaganda, however, the Nazi regime promoted early marriage as a way to have many children while reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Although these approaches seem very different, they both contributed to the Nazi goal of creating a large and healthy “Aryan” population.

WWII Nazi German Pioneer (Combat Engineer) Saw. The tan leather sheath is maker marked ccg and dated 1943 and the loop tab for the bayonet is still in good condition. The metal saw is in good overall condition and is nicely marked MARKE-STEIGO H 1942 and. A very hard to find item, especially in this condition.

Woven, khaki/olive canvas web construction Y-straps, consisting of two main front straps, two auxiliary front straps, a short back strap and steel and leather fittings. All components are complete. Nicely RB#rd. The combat Y-straps were developed in April 1939 along with the M39 backpack to replace the earlier M34 backpack with integral shoulder straps. The combat Y-straps were also utilized with other backpacks including the A-Frame Assault pack and were designed to assist in distributing the weight of the equipment carried on the load bearing waist belt to the shoulders. The combat Y-straps were originally issued to Infantry rifle company personnel in April 1939 followed by motorcycle personnel in June 1941 and by bicycle troops in March 1943. Of Note: "Cavalry" pattern Y-straps, based on a pre-WWI design, were introduced on February 15TH 1940 and were originally intended for mounted personnel, although they saw widespread use by officers, cavalry, motorcycle, bicycle and paratroop personnel. The cavalry pattern Y-straps followed the basic design of the Infantry pattern Y-straps but excluded the auxiliary straps as cavalry personnel didn’t require the additional support for the waist belt as they were equipped with saddle bags instead of the standard backpack or rucksack. Originally all the Y-straps were produced in a blackened leather until late 1940, with the impending German entrance into the North African campaign, tropical uniforms and equipment were quickly developed and issued in time for DAK, Deutsches Afrika Korps, (German Africa Corps), personnel’s arrival in Tripoli in February 1941 and included canvas web construction Y-straps. Eventually, due to leather shortages the canvas web Y-straps were also issued to personnel serving in southern areas of continental Europe and other theatres of battle. 2) WWII NAZI GERMAN HEER TROPICAL K98 BAYONET FROG. Woven khaki/tan canvas web construction bayonet frog with a leather retaining pocket to the bottom.

Lot of WWII German field gear to include 1) WWII NAZI GERMAN COMBAT Y STRAPS.  Blackened leather construction combat pattern Y-straps. All buckles and hooks are present. Excellent. The combat Y-straps were developed in April 1939 along with the M39 backpack to replace the earlier M34 backpack with integral shoulder straps. The combat Y-straps were also utilized with other backpacks including the A-Frame Assault pack and were designed to assist in distributing the weight of the equipment carried on the load bearing waist belt to the shoulders. The combat Y-straps were originally issued to Infantry rifle company personnel in April 1939 followed by motorcycle personnel in June 1941 and by bicycle troops in March 1943. Of Note: "Cavalry" pattern Y-straps, based on a pre-WWI design, were introduced on February 15TH 1940 and were originally intended for mounted personnel, although they saw widespread use by officers, cavalry, motorcycle, bicycle and paratroop personnel. The cavalry pattern Y-straps followed the basic design of the Infantry pattern Y-straps but excluded the auxiliary straps as cavalry personnel didn’t require the additional support for the waist belt as they were equipped with saddle bags instead of the standard backpack or rucksack. Originally all the Y-straps were produced in a blackened leather until late 1940, with the impending German entrance into the North African campaign, tropical uniforms and equipment were quickly developed and issued in time for DAK, Deutsches Afrika Korps, (German Africa Corps), personnel’s arrival in Tripoli in February 1941 and included canvas web construction Y-straps. Eventually, due to leather shortages the canvas web Y-straps were also issued to personnel serving in southern areas of continental Europe and other theatres of battle. 2)  WWII NAZI GERMAN COMBAT Y STRAPS.  Brown leather construction combat pattern Y-straps. All buckles and hooks are present. Excellent. 3) WWII NAZI GERMAN M34 PONY FUR BACKPACK . An olive drab canvas pack with leather and cowhide fittings, roughly 31cm wide, 39cm tall and 6cm deep, with a fold-over flap that covers its entire front. Decent fur coverage to the main flap. Based on the earlier Prussian back pack, this model was introduced in November of 1934, with minor variations. The M39 backpack was introduced on April 18TH 1939 as a replacement for M34 backpack. The two packs were very similar, but the M34 had integral carrying straps while the M39 was designed for use with the then newly introduced Y-straps. During the war the early M34 and M39 "pony fur" backpacks were found to be too expensive and time consuming to produce which resulted in the production of a wide variety of less expensive canvas construction combat rucksacks and backpacks although both the M34 and M39 packs were manufactured through-out the war in limited quantities.

Excellent condition toy car measuring 8 1/4 inches long retaining most of the original finish. Front and rear licence plates identify the model as a WH-733 Staff Car manufactured by Hausser in excellent condition Elastolin is a trademark used by the German company O&M Hausser (O&M Haußer) for the toy soldiers and other types of figures it manufactured from composite material and later from plastic. The Hausser firm was founded in 1904 by Christian Hausser and his sons Otto and Max. The factory was situated in Ludwigsburg near Stuttgart.[1] Production of all figures (and all other toys) was interrupted when the German economy was put on a "total war" footing in 1943. Limited production of composition figures resumed several years after the end of World War II in 1945. Hausser continued to use the brand name Elastolin when it began production of figures in a hard polystyrene plastic in 1955 while production of figures in the older sawdust-based composition material continued into the 1969. Hausser production of plastic figures continued through 1982. The company filed for bankruptcy in June 1983 and ceased production by the end of the year.  Scales of figures: Elastolin composition figures were manufactured in 40mm (also known as 4-cm), 65mm (6.5-cm), 70mm (7-cm), and 105mm (10.5 cm) scales. Since 70-mm is approximately 3-inches, a 70-mm figure is approximately 1/24 scale. The Elastolin catalogs of the 1930s describe the 7-cm figures as being "normal size" (normalgrosse) and the 4-cm figures as Miniatur-Soldaten. The catalog numbers for the 4-cm figures began with the preface M so the catalog number for a 4-cm marching Heer Trommler (Army snare drummer) was M 47/1.Heer: The Heer, all wearing the correct World War II German uniform, was represented by parade ground figures that included marching officers, marching infantry men, marching flag-carriers, marching musicians, a marching panzer man in his distinctive black uniform, marching Gebirgsjager ("mountain troops"), marching musicians, and cavalry and musicians mounted on horses. The parade ground figures had troops for a guard mounting that included officers standing at attention, enlisted personnel standing at attention or at "present arms", standing flag-carriers, a panzer man saluting, standing musicians, and sentry boxes as well as standing cavalry and standing cavalry musicians. There was a figure of a drill instructor and three figures of new recruits in fatigue uniform doing training exercises. Heer combat troops included Infanterie (series 500/- and 600/-) (riflemen, grenade throwers and machine gun teams), Kavallerie (series 400/-), Artillerie [series 664/-] (crewmen for the tinplate artillery pieces), Nachrichtentruppe ("communications troops") [series 659/-] which included World War I-vintage message dog- and carrier-pigeon-wranglers, Pioniere ("combat engineer and construction troops") [series 662/-] and Krad-Schutzen ("motorcycle troops") [series 990/-] on individual two-passenger motorcycles and three-passenger sidecar models. Poison gas had been used by both sides on the Western Front during World War I, and so there was a Gasalarmschlager ("gas alarm striker") [584] and several Infanterie figures wearing gas masks. The Verwundete und Sanitatspersonal (series 656) included doctors and nurses to treat the assortment of wounded soldiers that the medic figures brought back from the battlefield. Series 656 also included a Toter Soldat ("dead soldier") Lagerleben ("camp life") was represented by soldiers washing, cleaning, eating, reclining and their tents. There was also figure 550/36/50, a unit clerk who came ready to work with his own table, bench and typewriter.

Rare Leather Nazi German SA or NSDAP Desk Folio measuring 15 1/4 X 12 inches with a larger leather 1934 Political Eagle to its center. The folio opens to reveal three internal pockets and is padded for comfortable writing. Excellent. The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. The Nazi Party emerged from the extremist German nationalist ("Völkisch nationalist"), racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against communist uprisings in post–World War I Germany. The party was created to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti–big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric; it was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders. By the 1930s, the party's main focus shifted to antisemitic and anti-Marxist themes. The party had little popular support until the Great Depression, when worsening living standards and widespread unemployment drove Germans into political extremism. Central to Nazism were themes of racial segregation expressed in the idea of a "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft). The party aimed to unite "racially desirable" Germans as national comrades while excluding those deemed to be either political dissidents, physically or intellectually inferior, or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische). The Nazis sought to strengthen the Germanic people, the "Aryan master race", through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a collective subordination of individual rights, which could be sacrificed for the good of the state on behalf of the people. To protect the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to disenfranchise, segregate, and eventually exterminate Jews, Romani, Slavs, the physically and mentally disabled, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and political opponents. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state set in motion the Final Solution – an industrial system of genocide that carried out mass murders of around 6 million Jews and millions of other targeted victims in what has become known as the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler, the party's leader since 1921, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933, and quickly seized power afterwards. Hitler established a totalitarian regime known as the Third Reich and became dictator with absolute power. Following the military defeat of Germany in World War II, the party was declared illegal. The Allies attempted to purge German society of Nazi elements in a process known as denazification. Several top leaders were tried and found guilty of crimes against humanity in the Nuremberg trials, and executed. The use of symbols associated with the party is still outlawed in many European countries, including Germany and Austria.

WWII Nazi German Helmet by ET64 with original M31 Leather Liner that is painted with the Skull shield of the Finnish 4th Division, Kev Os. 4 (Light Unit Number 4) whose primary role was armed reconnaissance to protect the main infantry body. Kev Os.4 (4th Kevyt Osasto) rapidly acquired the nickname Belaya Smjert, or "White Death," from their Soviet opponents in the 1939–1940 Winter War between Finland and the USSR following a series of deadly hit and run attacks by the unit's highly mobile ski troops. The members of Kev Os. 4 enthusiastically adopted the nickname, with many painting a skull and bones on their helmet fronts to further terrify their enemies. Despite inflicting terrible losses on the invading Soviets, the Finns had lost the Winter War by March, 1940. The Finns would later join the Axis forces in their June, 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, hoping to recover territory lost in the previous treaty with Moscow. The skull painted helmets went with them, as the Germans continued to supply the Finns with helmets throughout most of the Second World War. An important relic of Finnish courage and determination.History of Finnish Combat Helmets: Finland imported tens of thousands of helmets for the Winter War of 1939-40 and the Continuation War of 1941-44, and imported again in 1955. Since IMA acquired the last of all the known helmet stock from the Finnish government you may wonder did we get German WWII marked helmets? Yes, and they will be offered at a far higher price. Did we get other types of helmets? Yes, we also received Hungarian WWII M38 (1938) helmets as well. This deal is a treasure trove of WWII era combat helmet history. History the German & Finnish Alliance: In 1938 Finland became very concerned with Stalin's Soviet expansionism and turned to Great Britain and France for support. Both Countries were under supplied themselves so Finland, perhaps reluctantly turned to NSDAP Germany for aid. AH was swift to assist supplying great quantities of materiel including thousands of German Battle Helmets. The Russians invaded Finland in 1939 driving deep into the country. The Finns resisted with amazing tenacity that has been the subject of legend and the wonderful WW2 Movie "THE WINTER WAR" (offered by IMA). The Russians paid a very heavy price and sued for peace in early 1940 keeping the invaded areas of Finland. Finland, totally exhausted, agreed with great regret. In the summer of 1941 AH’s NSDAP War Machine invaded the Soviet Union driving everything before them. Finland whom had received so much help from Germany then rose up and drove the Soviet presence out of Finland. However Finland would not "invade" the Soviet Union, they declared themselves not to be aggressors. It is true however that the Germans recruited great numbers of Finnish "Volunteers" for their "SS UNITS" that did invade Mother Russia but that was true of all the overrun European Countries and even some others, still independent including apparently England and the United States, although these number were said to be very low. At the close of WW2 with Germany defeated Finland was highly penalized by the Soviet Union, again gave up the lost territory of 1939/40 but did manage to retain its independence unlike so much of Eastern Europe.

WWII Nazi German Luftwaffe Photo Album with over 350, original black and white photos with several crashed planes, Armored Tanks and Motorcycles. An exceptional album and the best I've seen in a while.

This private purchase M43 Waffen SS Cap was purchased from Bill Shea from the Ruptured Duck in 2000 for 2900.00 . Along with the cap will be a photograph of his advertisement from when he sold it. The topical insignia to the cap shows an oversized Eagle normally seen on the Sleeve of an SS tunic. Below that is a typical BeVo weave Totenkopf. Both are neatly hand stitched to the cap. To the side, an edelweiss indicating mountain service. The tan cotton body shows overall wear and tear but still displays very well. The red interior lining also shows typical wear and tear but this cap would still be serviceable today. Excellent,

Rare WWII Nazi German Waffen SS Fencing Jacket and Trousers with hard to find sleeve diamond patch, Tailor label at collar Max Richter with matching tailored trousers. Excellent.

White cotton twill tunic with six button front closure with dual hooks and eyes at neck. Lay down collar without collar tabs as prescribed by regulations. Four front pleated patch pockets with scalloped button down flaps. Reverse tail skirt center vent. Continental Bullion National Eagle has been machine sewn to the front. Ribbon bar present as well as loops for two awards. Nice pair of for and used slip on Infantry Oberfeldwebel’s boards. Roughly size 36" chest. New pattern white summer tunic introduced in July 1937 to replace the earlier Reichswehr pattern white tunic. These tunics were an optional uniform item for Officer’s and were only intended to be worn between April 1ST and September 30TH, as a walking out uniform, Informal dress, or for viewing or participating in certain sporting events.

Beautiful Wood Wall Hanging Plate measuring 13 1/2 inches and to its borders oak leaves and acorns. To the center and inset aluminum disk the reads "IM JAHR DER OLYMPISCHEN VORBEREITUNG 1935'" ('in the year of the Olympic preparation'). The reverse has a Nazi paper stamp the reads "Deutsches Geschäft" (German Business). Undoubtedly a prize for work completion of the Olympic Forum. Excellent. The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad (German: Spiele der XI. Olympiade) and commonly known as Berlin 1936, was an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona at the 29th IOC Session on 26 April 1931. The 1936 Games marked the second and most recent time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games. Later rule modifications forbade cities hosting the bid vote from being awarded the games. To outdo the 1932 Los Angeles Games, Reichsführer Adolf Hitler had a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium built, as well as six gymnasiums and other smaller arenas. The Games were the first to be televised, with radio broadcasts reaching 41 countries. Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $7 million. Her film, titled Olympia, pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports. Hitler saw the 1936 Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy and antisemitism, and the official Nazi Party paper, the Völkischer Beobachter, wrote in the strongest terms that Jews should not be allowed to participate in the Games. German Jewish athletes were barred or prevented from taking part in the Games by a variety of methods, although some female swimmers from the Jewish sports club Hakoah Vienna did participate. Jewish athletes from other countries were said to have been sidelined to avoid offending the Nazi regime. Lithuania was expelled from the Olympic Games due to Berlin's position regarding Lithuanian anti-Nazi policy, particularly because of the Trial of Neumann and Sass in Klaipeda, Lithuania, in 1934–1935. Total ticket revenues were 7.5 million Reichsmark (equivalent to €17.4 million in 2021), for a profit of over one million R.M. The official budget did not include outlays by the city of Berlin (which issued an itemized report detailing its costs of 16.5 million R.M.) or the outlays of the German national government (which did not make its costs public, but is estimated to have spent US$30 million). Jesse Owens of the United States won four gold medals in the sprint and long jump events, and became the most successful athlete to compete in Berlin, while Germany was the most successful country overall with 101 medals (38 of them gold); the United States placed a distant second with 57 medals. These were the final Olympic Games under the presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour. For the next 12 years, no Olympic Games were held due to the immense world disruption caused by the Second World War. The next Olympic Games were held in 1948 (the Winter Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and then the Summer Games in London, England, United Kingdom).

WW1 Imperial German Field Gear lot to include 1) WW1 IMPERIAL GERMAN CLOSE COMBAT TRENCH KNIFE.  A trench knife with its original metal scabbard and integral, leather belt loop but is missing the snap. The 14.5cm blade is in nice clean untouched condition. The natural wooden grips are secured to the blade tang by three small, flat headed, flush rivets. Nine diagonally-angled grooves are incised to either side, and the grip outline follows the contours of the tang. Scabbard is complete with its original leather belt hanger. Very nice example. The standard issue bayonets of WWI were found by most troops to be too long and heavy to make a good combat knife, which resulted, in 1915, in the development of smaller, lighter edged weapons for use in hand-to-hand fighting. The close combat or trench knife saw widespread use during WWI, and came in both ordinance issue and private purchase, with numerous variations. 2) WW1 IMPERIAL GERMAN M1915 GAS MASK CANISTER WWI. The 1917 pattern sheet metal carrying canister is roughly 17cm tall with a 12cm diameter. The canister has a horizontal raised lip to the center, with a vertical crimped and brazed seam to the reverse. The top lid has a fold back, swivel wire attachment ring and pressure closure clip. Carrying strap is present with extra lenses. Canister is named to the top of the lid. 3) WWI IMPERIAL GERMAN M1895 BACKPACK. Looks to be a very early example. The 48cm x 36cm x 6cm backpack features a fold-over flap that covers its entire front. All the interior straps and buckles look to be mostly complete. Well worn and used example. 4) WWI IMPERIAL GERMAN BULLET STRUCK S98/05 aA COMBAT BAYONET. A first pattern model 1898/05 bayonet, without flash guard. Known as the S 98/05 aA (alter Art - old type). Nicely maker marked. Spine is dated for 1915. The blade has taken a significant hit by a bullet. A very cool relic. 5) M1915 PRUSSIAN EM/NCO'S BELT & BUCKLE WITH M1909 MAUSER GEW98 AMMO POUCHES. A one-piece construction wartime M1915 Prussian belt buckle, painted field grey, as was the practice after January of 1915. The slightly convex, stamped metal box buckle, features, against its plain, obverse field, a crown to its domed center, encompassed by a dual rope-like border within which, against a ribbed background, is "Gott Mit Uns" (God [is] With Us), and a spray of laurels. To the reverse is its raised buckle catch, and a metal prong bar with dual prongs, for the belt’s retaining tongue. Unmarked. Comes with an excellent roughly 100cm blackened leather belt. On the belt are two matching excellent condition GEW98 Leather Ammo Pouches. 6) WWI IMPERIAL GERMAN M1887 ENTRENCHING TOOL WITH CARRIER. A steel shovel head roughly 20cm long and 15cm wide attached to a 35cm long wooden handle, for an overall length of 55cm. The front of the shovel head has a sleeve that holds the handle in place with a back sleeve spot welded to the shovel head, and two rivets through the handle. An enlarged ball end is to the handle for ease of use. The carrier is missing the closer strap and has seen its better day but still displays well.

WW1 Imperial German Veterans Tapestry measuring 45 X 43 inches and is fully embroidered with flat wire bullion edge to three sides. The tapestry is one sided with an image of a charging soldier with sword drawn and a wounded comrade at his feet and the text Mit Gott für Kaiser und Reich or For God, Emperor and Empire. Has minor separations but colors are still vibrant. This dates to the Franco-Prussian War in the 1880's Excellent.

WWI original aircraft on an art board that measures 26x20. Illustrated image measures 19x14.25. This particular aircraft is identified by the isustration book that was used "Golden Age of Aircraft" and is a  . Jerome Biederman was born February 1, 1913 in Braddock, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of Chicago’s American Academy Of Art. He maintained studios in Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Nashville during his career. This original Gouache watercolor illustration is of a Martin B-10 Bomber and was part of a series of aviation paintings that Jerome did in 1975. His artwork routinely sells for over a thousand dollars and he is listed with Artifact with many of his artworks with a selling history. The Martin B-10 was the first all-metal monoplane bomber to be regularly used by the United States Army Air Corps, having entered service in June 1934.[1] It was also the first mass-produced bomber whose performance was superior to that of the Army's pursuit aircraft of the time.  The B-10 served as the airframe for the B-12, B-13, B-14, A-15 and O-45 designations using Pratt & Whitney engines instead of Wright Cyclones. A total of 348 of all versions were built. The largest users were the US, with 166, and the Netherlands, with 121.Design and development: The B-10 began a revolution in bomber design. Its all-metal monoplane airframe, along with its features of closed cockpits, rotating gun turrets (almost simultaneously with the 1933 British Boulton & Paul Overstrand biplane bomber's own enclosed nose-turret), retractable landing gear, internal bomb bay, and full engine cowlings, became the standard for bomber designs worldwide for decades. It made all existing bombers completely obsolete. Martin received the 1932 Collier Trophy for designing the XB-10. The B-10 began as the Martin Model 123, a private venture by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Baltimore, Maryland. It had a crew of four: pilot, copilot, nose gunner and fuselage gunner. As in previous bombers, the four crew compartments were open, but it had a number of design innovations as well. These innovations included a deep belly for an internal bomb bay and retractable main landing gear. Its 600 hp (450 kW) Wright SR-1820-E Cyclone engines provided sufficient power. The Model 123 first flew on 16 February 1932 and was delivered for testing to the U.S. Army on 20 March as the XB-907. After testing it was sent back to Martin for redesigning and was rebuilt as the XB-10. The XB-10 delivered to the Army had major differences from the original aircraft. Where the Model 123 had Townend rings, the XB-10 had full NACA cowlings to decrease drag. It also sported a pair of 675 hp (503 kW) Wright R-1820-19 engines, and an 8 feet (2.4 m) increase in the wingspan, along with an enclosed nose turret. When the XB-10 flew during trials in June, it recorded a speed of 197 mph (317 km/h) at 6,000 ft (1,800 m). This was an impressive performance for 1932. Following the success of the XB-10, a number of changes were made, including reduction to a three-man crew and addition of canopies for all crew positions. The Army ordered 48 of these on 17 January 1933. The first 14 aircraft were designated YB-10 and delivered to Wright Field, starting in November 1933, and used in the Army Air Corps Mail Operation. The production model of the XB-10, the YB-10, was very similar to its prototype. The Artist "History will duly set aside the years 1900-1950 as the most momentous. Invention followed close upon the heels of invention...of all the bewildering and glittering array, few if any remotely approach in importance that role occupied by the ability and means to move...on the land, in the air, above and below the surface of the water," expressed Jerome D. Biederman. And few artists have been equally adept at capturing important vintage automobiles and other forms of transportation as this pioneering artist. "My final year in high school, I convinced myself that, above all else, I wanted to become an artist, and started a vigorous inquiry into every school of art within a thousand miles of my hometown Pittsburgh," Biederman wrote in his autobiography, published in the November-December 1970 issue of Horseless Carriage Gazette. He attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago. "The only entrance requirement consisted of artistic proof of one's ability, so I prepared a complete catalog featuring an imaginary automobile. Each page portrayed a separate model, each laboriously rendered in profile, all in full and glorious color. When this massive document was finally lashed together, it possessed all the weight and characteristics of a suitcase loaded with bricks. Thus, for better or worse, my artistic career was launched." Biederman graduated from the Academy in October 1932, and like many of his contemporaries, the rigors of the Depression meant that it took him three years to find a job in his field. "My introduction to the advertising world was a revelation akin to the opening of 1,000 doors," he wrote. "Such mysteries as art direction, layout, production, type, reproduction-all unfolded in rapid succession...I survived this routine for years, but slowly and inevitably had begun the realization that the artist must at some time look to specialization and away from generalization in order that he might achieve recognition, prominence, and even fame. In 1940, I departed the advertising affair for the calmer atmosphere of a studio. "I turned my full attention and energies to transportation vehicles...on/in the water, air and land," he continued. "Movement in its various forms has dominated my time, my thinking, and my life these past thirty years. In the years that followed, I did become known and my particular specialty recognized, but many detours were necessary, including art directorships, freelance artist, etc. As my exhibits became more numerous and my sells more regular, exposure of my efforts began to enter into commercial channels...calendars, prints, premiums, novelties, magazines, as well as other channels." As Biederman's expanding body of work was gaining him prominence, he began a relationship with the McCleery-Cumming Corporation in 1956; this calendar company retained the artist to create six paintings for each of their 1958 automobile calendars. He painted for the calendar company for 36 years, and in the first 31 of those years, 186 automobile paintings were printed without interruption. A total of 444 Biederman transportation paintings were published in McCleery-Cumming calendars by 1993. In addition to the calendars, Mr. Biederman's automotive paintings were featured prominently in Playboy magazine, Automobile Quarterly and Horseless Carriage Gazette. He retired at the age of 75, in 1988, and died in 1996. According to his widow, most of Biederman's paintings were done in tempera on heavyweight 20 x 30-inch illustration board. Calendar art averaged roughly 10 x 15 inches, depending on the subject. A substantial portion of Biederman's body of work remains intact, and most originals are available for purchase at $1,200 apiece. "It seems to me that despite the untold millions of devotees adherent to this, that and the other...the fundamental 'love affair' lies in and with the internal combustion engine, the good, bad or indifferent that surrounds it," Biederman wrote. "The combination of motor, wheels and body, has known, knows, and will experience moments of greatness, be they in performance,

The Japanese Model 1889 Type 32 cavalry sabre has a machined blade with katana-like tip. The sword was in service during the Russo-Japanese War, World War One and World War Two. Two patterns of the Type 32 were produced, the earlier one known as ‘Ko,’ was issued to cavalry NCOs. The second pattern known as ‘Otsu,’ was issued to army transport NCOs and soldiers and was shorter. This sword for sale is an early ‘Ko’ pattern Type 32 cavalry sabre produced with the distinctive leather finger loop that is missing, checkered grips and with a slightly different opening to the scabbard. The sword is complete with its steel scabbard with a single hanger-ring, a working locking-catch with a drag marked 11102, and a clearly marked serial number on the ricasso of the blade “11102” with an overall length 39 inches. Excellent

Mexican War era M1840 cavalry saber otherwise known as the Wristbreaker. Sword has not been cleaned, leather wrap is present & wire wrap. Excellent.

19th Century German Cavalry Sword and Scabbard. Sword has a very bright blade and is completely sterile of any markings with standard features include: relatively straight wooden handle covered with leather grip, iron hilt has three branches, iron pommel cap and guard are unadorned. The scabbard has two bands with rings and is made of iron.

Both look to be for an MG-42/M53 with wide bases. Green canvas slings. Likely painted post war. CONDITION: Very good overall, with light wear and scratches.

WWII Nazi German Field Gear lot to include 1) WWII NAZI GERMAN WEHRMACHT M39 PONY FUR BACKPACK. An olive drab canvas pack with leather fittings, roughly 29cm wide, 39cm tall and 10cm deep, with a fold-over flap that covers its entire front. All of the straps, buckles and buttons are complete. Maker marked 0/067/B 0033. Shows the expected age and light period use. Excellent. The M34 backpack was based on the Prussian model 1885 and the Reichswehr era M1907/13 backpacks with minor variations and was officially introduced on November 1ST 1934. Of Note: These M34 packs were to be replaced with the M1939 backpack, that was introduced along with the combat Y-straps on April 18TH 1939, but the transition was never fully accomplished and the M34 packs were manufactured through-out the war in limited quantities. During the war the early M34 and M39 "pony fur" backpacks were found to be too expensive and time consuming to produce which resulted in the production of a wide variety of less expensive canvas construction combat rucksacks and backpacks. 2) M35 MAP/DISPATCH CASE WITH CAPTURE PAPERS. Brown, pebbled leather construction, first pattern, M35 map/dispatch case with steel fittings. The case is roughly, 28cm tall, and 19cm wide, and 5cm thick, with folding, accordion, and expanding side panels. The case has a fold over top closure flap with a machine stitched on, vertical closure strap which attaches to a leather reinforced, magnetic sheet metal, pronged roller buckle which is machine stitched to the bottom center of the case's body. The front of the case features a vertical ruler pocket to the left side, seven central, vertical pencil holders and a small vertical pocket to the right side. Pull tab is missing for the one pocket. Nicely Rb#ed and to the interior were found capture papers that were issued on July 23, 1945 to a member of the 738th Tank Battalion and lists several things including an Officers Map Case. Excellent. 3) M35 MAP/DISPATCH CASE. Pebble finish, brown, leather construction, later second pattern, (Circa 1936-1945), M35 map/dispatch case with a modified front closure, an additional, small, front pocket and natural aluminum fittings. The case is roughly, 10 3/4" tall, and 7 1/4" wide, and 2 1/2" thick, with folding, accordion, and expanding side panels. The case has a fold over top closure flap with a machine stitched on, vertical closure strap with a riveted on, natural aluminum tip. The lower edge of the fold over top flap has a small, vertically rectangular, natural aluminum plate, with three, small, horizontal, cut-outs, riveted in place. The case body, beneath the top fold over flap, has a small, horizontally oval, natural aluminum plate with a raised, horizontal bar, riveted in place. For a secure closure the raised horizontal bar would be inserted through the appropriate horizontal cut-out slot and the top vertical closure strap would in turn be inserted through the raised bar. The front of the case features a vertical, ruler pocket and a small eraser pocket with an internal quick release pull tab to the left side, seven central, vertical pencil holders and a small vertical pocket to the right side with an internal quick release pull tab. When in the closed position the top fold over flap covers the top openings of the ruler, eraser, pencil and tool pockets to ensure against losing the items. The reverse of the case has two, machine stitched on, vertical belt loop straps with natural aluminum, pronged, length adjustment, roller buckles. The natural tan leather single compartment interior of the case has had the standard, central, two compartment, separating panel. The interior of the case has protective panels to both of the top side panels positioned underneath the top fold over flap. The interior of the top flap is also well marked with the faint, stamped designation, "L.B.A.", indicating Luftwaffen Bekleidungs Amt, (Air Force Clothing Depot). The case is in overall very good condition with spots of light chafe wear and the leather is still fairly supple. Map/dispatch cases were issued on a limited basis to specifically designated personnel such as unit commanders, messengers, and observers. The M35 map/dispatch case was based on the Weimar era, Reichsheer pattern map/dispatch case with minor variations. The M35 map/dispatch case underwent a front closure modification in mid-1936, and an additional small front pocket was added in 1938, although the early pattern cases continued to be manufactured through-out the war. The M35 map/dispatch cases were issued with assorted map reading tools, instruments and accessories. Of Note: Luftwaffe personnel initially utilized brown leather accoutrements but during the war the leather items were generally blackened. Also Of Note: As with other armed forces the Germans had a KuVA, Kriegskarten-und Vermessungswesen Abteilung, (War Maps and Surveying Department), under command of the OKH, Oberkommando des Heeres, (High Command of the Army), and the OKW Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, (High Command of the Armed Forces). The war maps and surveying department was responsible for all army issue maps and worked in conjunction with the German Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme, (National Land Survey Office). Regulations dictated that army issue maps were exclusively for use of army personnel and that any reproduction or improper usage were punishable offences. German army maps were generally named and numbered and were issued as required. The Luftwaffe also utilized maps produced by the KuVa.

John F. Kennedy grouping to include 1) Original invitation to the historic January 20th, 1961 inauguration of the late President John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Vice President (eventual President) Lyndon Baines Johnson! This historic inauguration of John F. Kennedy marked the youngest President ever elected as well as the first Catholic President elected! This rare invitation is 12" x 17" and is in EXCELLENT condition. The heavy gauge embossed paper reads as followed: The Inaugural Committee requests the honor of your presence to attend and participate in the Inauguration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy as President of the United States of America and Lyndon Baines Johnson as Vice President of the United States of America on Friday the twentieth of January thousand nine hundred and sixty one in the City of Washington Edward H. Foley Chairman. Mounted just below is a personally signed calling card of then Senator John F. Kennedy while serving for the State of Massachuttes. Excellent. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK or Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest person elected president. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the U.S. Congress prior to his presidency. Born into the prominent Kennedy family in Brookline, Massachusetts, Kennedy graduated from Harvard University in 1940, joining the U.S. Naval Reserve the following year. During World War II, he commanded PT boats in the Pacific theater. Kennedy's survival following the sinking of PT-109 and his rescue of his fellow sailors made him a war hero and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, but left him with serious injuries. After a brief stint in journalism, Kennedy represented a working-class Boston district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate, serving as the junior senator for Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, Kennedy published his book, Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy ran in the 1960 presidential election. His campaign gained momentum after the first televised presidential debates in American history, and he was elected president, narrowly defeating Republican opponent Richard Nixon, the incumbent vice president. Kennedy's presidency saw high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. As a result, he increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam. The Strategic Hamlet Program began in Vietnam during his presidency. In 1961, he authorized attempts to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion and Operation Mongoose. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba. The resulting period of tensions, termed the Cuban Missile Crisis, nearly resulted in the outbreak of nuclear war. In August 1961, after East German troops erected the Berlin Wall, Kennedy sent an army convoy to reassure West Berliners of U.S. support, and delivered one of his most famous speeches in West Berlin in June 1963. In 1963, Kennedy signed the first nuclear weapons treaty. He presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress with Latin America, and the continuation of the Apollo program with the goal of landing a man on the Moon before 1970. He also supported the civil rights movement but was only somewhat successful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. His vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, assumed the presidency. Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was arrested for the assassination, but he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby two days later. The FBI and the Warren Commission both concluded Oswald had acted alone, but conspiracy theories about the assassination persist. After Kennedy's death, Congress enacted many of his proposals, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Revenue Act of 1964. Kennedy ranks highly in polls of U.S. presidents with historians and the general public. His personal life has also been the focus of considerable sustained interest following public revelations in the 1970s of his chronic health ailments and extramarital affairs. Kennedy is the most recent U.S. president to have died in office.

Stellar WWII US Photo Album and Scrapbook from a member of the Pigeon Breeding Group from Ft. Monmouth NJ. and covers all aspects of his service history. Also in the album are US Service Patches and a cut off the uniform Nazi Luftwaffe Droop Tail Breast Eagle. There are too numerous pamphlets and articles, all dealing with the Pigeon Signal Service including their graduation photo with the pigeons flying overhead. To the reverse of the photo is a complete list of autographs of the members in the group photo. Excellent. The use of carrier pigeons as battlefield messengers dates back to the 6th Century. Cyrus, king of Persia, used carrier pigeons to keep in touch with parts of his vast empire. Julius Caesar sent messages back to Rome. During the siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Parisians used carrier pigeons to send news about developments within the city. Some carrier pigeons traveled as far as London. Based on their success, carrier pigeons were part of military warfare theory by the end of the 19th Century. The United States Army Pigeon Service, also known as the Signal Pigeon Corps, began in 1917. Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, housed the U.S. Army Pigeon Breeding and Training Center from 1917 to 1943 and again from 1946 to 1957, when the Signal Pigeon Corps was disbanded. The Center was located at Camp Crowder in southwest Missouri from October 1943 until June 1946. During World War II, the U.S. Army trained approximately 54,000 pigeons, creating a division within the Veterinary Service devoted exclusive to maintaining the health and efficiency of these winged warriors. 36,000 pigeons were deployed overseas. In addition to the United States, the United Kingdom trained more than 250,000 carrier pigeons, supplying many to individuals working behind enemy lines. In 1943, the English PDSA (People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals) Dickin bronze Medal, honoring Maria Dickin founder of the PDSA, was issued to honor animals that demonstrated “conspicuous gallantry or devotion to duty while serving or associated with any branch of the Armed Forces or Civilian Defense Forces.” Thirty-two pigeons were honored between 1943 and 1949. “G. I. Joe” is the most famous of the American pigeons honored. During the Italian Campaign of World War II, G.I. Joe was a pigeon who saved the lives of the inhabitants of the village of Calvi Vecchia, Italy, and of the British troops of 56th (London) Infantry Division occupying it. Air support had been requested against German positions at Calvi Vecchia on 18 October 1943, but the message that the 169th (London) Infantry Brigade had captured the village, delivered by G.I. Joe, arrived just in time to avoid the bombing. G.I. Joe flew this 20-mile distance in an impressive 20 minutes, just as the planes were preparing to take off for the target. He saved a thousand men. For his efforts, G.I. Joe was presented the Dickin Medal for "the most outstanding flight made by a United States Army pigeon in World War II."

World War II Legitimus Collins No. 18 Bowie Knife, with brass cross guard and green stag handles. These were carried in World War II famously by Marine Raiders, members of Carlson's Raiders, as well as pilots, sailors, and Marine riflemen. The marking on the blade is crisp and legible. 9.5" blade has been sharpened, and has leather sheath, approximately 14" overall in excellent condition. This knife was owned by the pilot in the previous lot. Many people think that these were exclusively used by the Marine Corps, and while that is true the connection to the USMC is only a minimal fraction of this blades history. It's principle legacy lies within the Army Air Corp or Army Air Force depending on the era you are referencing. Following the declaration of war in December 1941 emergency procurement were made to include the procurement of 9 inch machetes the Collins #18 being one manufacture. The Collins #18 would have been acquired by the AAF at this time to fill emergency requisitions to supply new contracts of the old type emergency parachute kits and to supplement other kits until the 10 inch folding machete became available.

Printed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest. Conservation of the nation's forests in wartime was the main focus of posters commissioned by the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest fire prevention was even more important during wartime because we had a great need for lumber as a war material and our manpower which might have been used in the Untied States to fight forest fires was spread around the globe fighting the axis trying to save the earth from evil. Poster has a forest fire in the background with images of Hitler and Tojo with evil looks on their faces. Text says, "Our Carelessness Their Secret Weapon Prevent Forest Fires"Bottom says U.S. Government Printing Office 1943-O-505840. Print measures 22 x 28 inches. In near mint condition. Excellent

Excellent condition set of original WWII M-42 airborne paratrooper jump pants. The original tag is present but is washed out. The trousers have a great look to them with no rips or tears. The trousers are 100% original, and would make a great addition to a WWII collection. Trousers are 30X30 and have a laundry stamp to the interior AG5418.

This is a 1950's production Korean War issue M1C Paratrooper helmet that has a rear seam stainless steel rim and a set of swivel (movable) chinstrap loops called "bales". The rims were both rust resistant and had "non-magnetic qualities" that reduced the chance of error readings when placed around certain sensitive equipment (such as a compass). There are three, large white painted squares with hand painted Red Crosses to each.  The liner is correct "high pressure" WWII issue and stamped with the Westinghouse Manufacturing Company logo with frontal eyelet and OD A Frames. Many surplus WWII Helmet liners (and helmets) were put back into service with the outbreak of the Korean war. They produced approximately between 2,000,000 - 4,000,000 M-1 helmet liners and discontinued production around August 17 1945 when the war ended. This true M1 liner can be identified through the frontal eyelet hole. Other correct WW2 features include cotton herringbone twill (HBT) cloth suspension liner. This HBT suspension is held tightly within the M-1 helmet liner by rivets and a series of triangular "A" washers. The three upper suspension bands are joined together with a shoestring. This way the wearer could adjust the fit. Medic helmets are among the most sought after of all M1 helmets and have become very difficult to find in recent years,The M1C helmet was a variant of the U.S. Army's popular and iconic M1 helmet. Developed in World War II to replace the earlier M2 helmet, it was not made available until issued to paratroopers in January 1945. It was different from the M2 in various ways, most importantly its bails (chinstrap hinges). The M2 had fixed, spot welded "D" bales so named for their shape, similar to early M1s. It was found that when sat on or dropped, these bails would snap off. The solution was the implementation of the swivel bail, which could move around and so was less susceptible to breaking. Like the M2, its most visible difference from the standard infantry M1 helmet was the liner. The liner of the M1C, like most paratrooper liners, had a set of "A yokes" or straps fixed to the side of the liner to enable the use of a four-point chinstrap with leather chin cup to give support to the head and neck and prevent adverse movement during jumps. It used a simple but strong and reliable belt loop-type connection to secure the chinstrap to the a-yokes, which could be opened or closed from either side and thus partially removed without tools. This retention system was not significantly different to the M2's, and the normal infantry chinstrap could still be attached to the helmet shell if desired. Often, however, these modified liners could not be manufactured in time for jumps so they were modified by the soldiers themselves. Another difference of the M1C was the chinstraps (this was seen on the M2). The chinstraps found on the M2 and M1C both had a button snap on the end so as to be fastened to the liner. Despite the numerous differences between the M1C and the standard M1 helmet, the shell of the M1C is practically identical to standard swivel bail infantry helmets, making a concrete identification of a helmet as an M1C difficult. There's an argument to be made that the important part of an M1C is actually just a liner with the four-point chinstrap that can slip into any M1 helmet. The M1C would continue in US service after World War II, with a new split-fabric chinstrap introduced between the Korean War and the Vietnam War not dissimilar to the one seen on the later PASGT helmet, but retaining the belt loop-style chinstrap connection. The M1C would remain in service until the adoption of PASGT, though the M1C would remain a fairly uncommon sight after Korea. They do turn up in various non-airborne units in Vietnam photography, however, suggesting that outside of jump-rated units they were treated like any other M1 and that they were perhaps more common than some thought.

Scarce Original WWII O.S.S. sleeve dagger from H.G. Long. Long of Sheffield, England. Overall length of the dagger is 7 1/8 inches with a 3 1/2 " triangular"spike " blade equipped with three unstopped fullers with minor finnish loss and surface pitting and is well marked to the side “H.G. LONG & Co. / CROSS DAGGER / SHEFFIELD ENGLAND”. The brown leather scabbard is still supple, still retaining the arm strap. Excellent.

Named uniform grouping of Sgt. Clarence Clark of the 597th Bomber Squadron, 397th Bomb Group of the 9th Air Force who flew 41 Combat Missions over France, Belgium, Holland and Germany. He was shot down at Rouen. France at the Oissel Railway Bridge and bailed out West of Caen France on 8/11/1944. While in service he received the DFC, Air Medal with 7 oak leaf clusters, Good Conduct Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with 4 battle stars and the Distinguished Unit Citation. The flight jacket is a type B-14 is a size 38 and in excellent condition. Nicely patched out with a 9th Air Force SSI, Staff Sergeant Chevrons. Two Gold Overseas Stripes. Ribbon Bars Blue Backed Sterling Aerial Gunner Wings and Caterpillar Club Pin. The uniform is complete with a wool shirt that is also nicely patched out with a theater made 9th Air Force patch and matching chevrons. Trousers are stenciled with Sgt. Clarks name and service number. There are several other items including his period WWII Sunglasses, WWII lubricant for Machine Guns, Bulova Wristwatch issued to Caterpillar members and is inscribed to the reverse "S/SGT. CLARENCE H. CLARK 15337680 SHOT DOWN ROUEN FRANCE BAILED OUT NEAR CAEN FRANCE RESCUED BY CANADIAN INFANTRY AUGUST 11, 1944 B-26 MARTIN MARAUDER" A very rare and unusual item. Large lot of Ephemera including original and copy photos documents Ect. A shadow box that the Veteran erected himself and can been seen in the albums. The shadow box has replacement medals but does have a period bullion Catapillar club badge and a Balfour marked Sterling Aerial Gunner Wings. A large cutout piece of his faithful parachute that he used when he bailed out. There are also 5 VCR tapes containing pertinent information of the 9th Air Force and historical missions of the bomb group. A model airplane painted up exactly like S/Sgt Clarks plane including tail number. Modern sunglasses and his last license plate. Lastly a type written account of his time in service that reads: "In My Time by SSGT, Clarence H. Clark 15337680" Meeting my new and wonderful family that I love and owe so much, have insisted that I give them a complete resume of my life in the Army Air Force I kept no diary, so all of the story is based on memory, newspaper articles, photo's personal album and declassified material that I retrieved from the archives at Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C. All of the following is true to the best of my knowledge, although some dates and times may not be exact. I was 18 years old, enlisted in the Army Air Force unassigned at Wheeling, W.Va. I was shipped to Fort Thomas, Kentucky and sworn into the service on October 26, 1942. My next assignment was to the Army Air Force recruit training center, Atlantic City,N.J. I don't recall any training at this center whatsoever. Being unassigned and being an enlisted man you had your choice of assignments. 1 chose Aerial Gunnery, which I thought would be glamorous as they come. Got to wear a set of wings, flying, all of this is your young man's thinking. Little did I realize that this could be deadly. Testing at the time consisted of physical shape, depth perception and perfect eyesight. To become an Aerial Gunner in 1942 and part of 1943 was strict and limited to enlisted men. Later on in 1943 when volunteers began to decrease they had to go to drafted men. Then age, size and shape went out the window. Volunteers were decreasing due to the publicity of the Bomber loss during the raids over Germany during 1943. From Atlantic City I was shipped to Buckingham Army Air Force Flexible Gunnery School, Fort Myers, Florida, and started school on Nov. 29, 1942 and graduated on January 3, 1943, known as class 43-1 and promoted to Sergeant on the same day. From enlistment time to graduation time was two months, one week and two days, I guess it was some sort of a record. I was in charge of a group of men during all the transfers from Wheeling to Florida, and could never comprehend this assignment when I was the youngest of all. The best answer I could come up with, I must have been the toughest of the group. Gunnery school consisted of five weeks of intensive training, consisting of aircraft identification, close study of the 30 and 50 caliber machine guns, instruction in methods of estimating the speed and distance of planes. Rifle and machine gun practice on ground ranges, training in the operation of modern and complex power operator turret guns and finally practice firing from a plane at a target towed behind another plane. We were probably the last class to fire at targets from a single engine aircraft, known as the AT-6. All pilots at that time were Ssgts., I think they were promoted to officer rank in March or April of 1943. I had no problem with any class that they offered, I was gung ho and all the classes seemed to be made for me. I am reluctant to say that I was at the top of my class, but I will say I was one of the top two. One thing I was sure of, I could disassemble and assemble a caliber 50 machine gun blindfolded or otherwise faster than any in the class. I graduated from school on January 3, 1943. Known as Class 43-1, we were ordered to pack our gear and to report to a designated area as names were called and placed in certain groups to be shipped to radio, mechanics, armorer school or to some bomb groups for crew training. There were ten men left if I remember correctly whose names were never called. We stood around wondering what was going to happen to us. We took a lot of cat calls from the other groups, such as too dumb to go to another school, permanent K.P. duty, latrine scrubbers, etc. After a lifetime of waiting our names were called and said that we were to be retained as gunnery instructors at the base. you will be given a three day pass, issued a logo patch indicating that you are now a first class airman of this base. (NOTE: a first class airman could come and go from the base without a pass). All the cat calls ceased immediately, all we heard was one big cheer. I was assigned as an instructor of the 2nd student squadron, thinking that I was a big wheel at the age of 18. During the early stages of aerial gunnery the instructor taught all phases of gunnery which was quite a demanding job along with trying to control all the students. We had men from every walk of life and it took a stern hand to control them. Each instructor was in charge of approximately 50 men in a barracks, with the instructor stationed at the end of the barracks. Each instructor had 10 men in a class for 6 days a week and you carried out discipline as you saw fit and students were not allowed off base during training. Some leeway was given by the instructor for married men whose wives were visiting and a pass was issued from SPM Saturday to 5PM Sunday. I was relieved from duty during my second class of students and entered into a 48 hour course in Martin electric turrets, receiving a certificate of proficiency in operation and maintenance on February 27, 1943. Some time during 1943 sweeping changes were made in the method of training. Under the new system each instructor would specialize in only one phase of gunnery. This was a great improvement over the old system and you didn't have to take the students back and forth to class. It was great to sit up front at the desk and wait till the flight leader marched the students to your classroom. You had more time to study and become an expert in the subject that was assigned to you. Some instructors were shifted from one subject to another when they found that you were proficient enough to teach other subjects. This was good for the instructor in relieving you from the monotony of the same subject and also gave you more prestige as an instructor. Some instructors, including myself, were sent to Central Instructor School which was held on the base. The schooling was to hone your skills in teaching methods. All the instructors teaching this class were men in their late twenties and early thirties. All were privates and were school teachers and professors in civilian life, all were too old to be gunners. I was sent along with a few other instructors to a special school on twenty millimeter cannons. We could never figure out the reasoning for this class. Little did we know at the time that this gun was being used on the B-29 Bomber which we had no knowledge of. I guess they thought that they had better have a few extra gunners in case the casualty rate increased to an alarming rate. In November 1943, there were several airplane crashes killing all men on board. One of the men was Cpl. Edmond C. Stephens from Orlando, Florida. He was a good student and a friend of mine. I was assigned to accompany the body as escort to Orlando, Florida for interment. I was in charge of the Military aspect of the funeral, including the presentation of the National Flag to his wife. I was treated like royalty by relatives and friends, taking me out to eat, even loaning me a car if I so desired. During the following months of 1943 and beginning 1944 it was the same old routine, class after class. There were several of us old instructors who started to let it be known that we wanted to enter the war, it may pass us by. We were invincible and didn't really know what war in the sky was like and that you could be killed. On March 7, 1944, I was promoted to Ssgt. This should have triggered my senses of what was to come. If I had only know that when you were a Ssgt or above, you were above being placed on work detail by the enemy according to the Geneva Convention on prisoners of war. All of us were under the impression that we were being shipped out due to our insistence of entering the war. Little did we know that our departure was due to the heavy loss of men in combat. During the middle of March 1944, forty instructors gunners were shipped out to a staging area in Greensboro, NC. We spent some time there and shipped on to Fort Hamilton, NY, where we departed by boat on May 11, 1944 and arrived in Liverpool, England on May 24, 1944. NOTE: While at Fort Hamilton and waiting to be shipped out a few of us were walking around and looking out over the water, which appeared to be 100 feet below us, someone found a pair of steps so down we went, at the bottom was this huge room with a retractable coastal gun about twenty five feet long and two feet in diameter at the breech. There were several steel doors marked "ammo stay out". There was an aperture for the gun to extend out of the bunker. We could look out and see people on the sidewalks outside of the Fort. Evidently this could not be seen from below. I always thought that I would like to return to the Fort and explore it again. After our arrival in England and run through the normal process some us were flown to Northern Ireland for training in a B-26 Martin Marauder. The B-26 was housed in a barn. Every day we would go out and practice on the turrets, waist guns and the tail turret. We were flown back to England and assigned to different groups. Sgt. Bernard Stipek and I were assigned to the 597 Bomb Sqd, 397th Bomb Grp. (M) B-26 Martin Marauder and were required to participate in regular and frequent flights on Special Order No. 150, dated July 15, 1944. We were designated as aerial gunners only. I flew my first mission on July 19, 1944 on my 20th birthday and oh what a surprise, there was light flak, but when I saw those puffs of black smoke, I knew they could kill or wound you. The mission didn't bother me but I knew there was more to come. On this mission I met Eugene J. Zielinksi, the engineer gunner with whom I would have a life long friendship. All of the crews had approximately twenty five missions when I joined the groups. They trained together for a year back in the USA. On my eighth mission, August 8, 1944, we ran out of gas and landed on a fighter strip No. A-12 in France. They gave us 200 gallons of gas and we were off to England. If you were a Flight Leader, you took off first on the mission and you were in the air longer than the rest of the flight and on long missions you were the first to run out of gas. On August 9, 1944 I flew my ninth and tenth missions. I was assigned to Lt. Col. Wood, the squadron commander to be in the lead ship as the tail gunner. Of all the experienced gunners in the group, I could never understand why me. On the second mission, I flew with my regular crew. On August 11, 1944 was my eleventh mission. We were to bomb the "Oissel" railroad bridge near Rouen, France. We were the flight leader and started to take flak about half way down the bomb run. We started to pull out of formation, took a direct hit in the left engine and were losing power. The right engine lost prop control and the left rudder cable had been severed. We also had several hits in the bomb bay and a fire had started with a tremendous amount of smoke flowing to the rear of the aircraft along with hydraulic fluid. We gunners in the rear of the aircraft were instructed to jettison all guns, ammo, flak suits and anything loose overboard to lighten the ship to maintain aircraft stability. Somewhere along the line the left engine was shut down and I can remember looking out the window and seeing the paint peeling off the wing from the excessive heat from the engine and the shell that hit it. There was a sudden jolt of the aircraft and the tail gunner apparently decided that the airplane wasn't going to fly much longer and bailed out over the channel, he is listed as MIA. We were informed by the pilot that we could leave the ship or stay for a while longer because the right engine was failing and it could be controlled only by feathering the prop, he told us that he was heading for land because we would never be able to cross the channel. Zielinski went through the aft bomb bay to extinguish the fire but on his return the fire had started again, the fire and hydraulic fluid was hard to contend with. You could hardly see or breathe. In the meantime I was trying to roll a canister of ammo from the upper turret and dropped it to the floor. At this time the plane rolled to the left and the turret foot rest pressed me against the side of the aircraft. I could not move a finger being pressed so tight against the aircraft. All I could think of was going down with the aircraft and what a horrible feeling 1 had. Suddenly the aircraft rolled to the right and the turret spun in that direction and I was free. The turret was a runaway due to the loss of electrical power and probably out of gear due to all the vibration. Zielinski and I were trying to find other ways to lighten the ship and stuck the ammo track from the waist guns out the window. All the ammo was gone so fast you couldn't see it. I had to place my left foot against the left window edge to direct the flow of hydraulic fluid from blinding us and keep our flying suits dry & my parachute cover was already wet and this caused me some concern. The smoke and fluid was getting unbearable when the bell rang to bail out, Zielinski first, then me, I don't remember anything when I left the aircraft, all I knew was, here I am floating towards earth. Looking at the ground was a sight of fire and guns, just the same as the place we left. I could see barrage balloons to my right and this struck a fear into me, all I could think of was drifting into them and having my chute collapse and I would fall like a rock. I couldn't believe the amount of large artillery guns that were being fired, large round smoke rings, black, blue, red and purple were formed around the gun as it was fired. I thought what a hell of a place to land and all I could think of was this is the enemy, I'm going to be a P.O.W. Everything was going through my mind on how I was going to cope with all the things to come. (I can recall even today the feeling of horror of being a POW.) Suddenly, bang, I was on the ground, shells landing in all directions and dirt falling on me like I was under a dump truck, immediately I thought that this was the end. Immediately two soldiers grabbed me by the shoulder straps and dragged me backwards and down a ramp to an underground bunker. I finally looked up and saw that they were Canadian soldiers. Oh happy day. Later on they told me that they were going to shoot me on the way down because I was wearing a pair of coveralls similar to the Germans, but they noticed that I had a pair of neon stripes of a Ssgt on my sleeves. The crew was scattered over a few miles of the battlefront and it was more than a week until we knew about the rest of the crew. The Navigator and Bombardier were found close to me. After the shelling died down the three of us were placed in a truck and they drove us toward the rear of the front lines, one would never believe that a truck ride would be out of this world. The truck stopped and the driver said get off and pointed to go in that direction. We started to walk and there was still small arms fire going all around us. You would never believe the human carnage that we saw. As we were walking into the little hamlet there was a Canadian soldier hanging a lister bag on the extension section of a house timber. We walked across the street and there were two dead German soldiers with their guns stuck in the ground and their helmets hanging on the butt of the gun, there was also a dead cow next to them. I was going to take a gun or some other article from them, but thought that they may be booby trapped. From this point on I don't recall one earthly thing. My mind went totally blank and to this day I don't know how I got back to England. (NOTE: For years I thought that some day I would recall what happened but I never did). I have been told that we found our way to an emergency airfield near Omaha Beach and were flown back to England. The first recollection that I had was being interrogated in London. They sent a member of our squadron to identify us and we were flown back to the base. There is a picture of our crew and a story of our shoot down in the book "Riding the Skies" by Bruce Stait and Brad Boger. A crew picture in "Wings of Courage" by Jack D. Stovall Jr. They probably thought I was a great gunner, they had me scheduled to fly on August 16, 1944 with a strange pilot. Some time on a date that I failed to mark down, I was flying with a strange crew, on landing the nose gear collapsed, all of a sudden here I am thirty feet off the ground in the tail all by myself. I have a picture of the plane, it was called El Lobo. Another close call. On September 29, 1944 we flew to Blitburg Germany to bomb troop barracks. We had our old crew together again with the exception of the co-pilot. This was no doubt the heaviest flak that we had ever encountered, the sky was black all around us. This was O.R. Buckler's (our original pilot) last mission. His back was in such pain (NOTE: when he bailed out on 8/11/44 his chute opened and he hit the ground a few seconds later) that the co-pilot had to land the plane. Buckler was shipped back to the states within a few days. On December 27, 1944 I was scheduled with a crew that I did not know. On landing we had an engine cut out and ended up landing on part of the runway and the area next to it. The Army and the Army Air Force introduced a program to exchange personnel so that we may understand the problems that each of us encounter on the ground and in the air. We were fortunate to go during January 1945 during the biggest snowfall in Europe's history and during the outbreak of the Battle of the Bulge. We were on the outskirts of Houffalize Belgium on January 14 or 15, 1945, the town was officially taken on January 16, 1945. (Note: I have a picture of our crew and the Infantry men we were with). A scene that I'll never forget is seeing all the dead German soldiers lined up on each fence post and barb wire in all positions that one could imagine. The Infantryman did this in retaliation for what the Germans did to our troops at Malmedy, Belgium during the German threat at the start of the Battle of the Bulge on December 16, 1944, Fifty one years later while reading the monthly report of our group, I found the name of Pvt. Raymond 1. Hanson of the 10th Armored Division. Pvt. Hanson was visiting our group in February 1945 and decided to go on a bombing mission, the aircraft failed to return from the mission. On February 23, 1945 we were scheduled for a mission to Jackerath Germany. The flak was extremely heavy and black puffis all around the aircraft. We took a direct hit in the right engine and the aircraft took a diving turn to the right and fell 2000 feet. The co-pilot (his first mission) had his left leg severely wounded, The pilot had a piece of flak in his left upper arm. The Pedestal of the aircraft was caved in about three inches from the flak that hit the co-pilot. We had to make an emergency landing at A-93 Liege, Belgium on a single engine. The co-pilot was removed from the aircraft by medical personnel. We stayed all night at this landing strip so that the engine could be replaced. Zielinksi and I went over to a farmhouse to see if we could get permission to sleep in the barn. The family came out, Mother, Father, and two small children, ages probably four and six. We offered oranges, apples and candy bars to the children but they refused to take them. They had never seen fruit before because they were born during the German occupation. The parents convinced the children that the gifts were good to eat. They gave us permission to sleep in the barn. On a mission that I failed to note the date and target, I was flying with Lt. Col. Berger. We were hit by flak in the left wing between the engine and the fuselage. I called the pilot and informed him that we had a three inch stream of gasoline coming from the wing and under no circumstances should he alter course and also that the other planes in the flight were pulling away from us knowing that at any moment we were going to be nothing but a big ball of fire. At this particular time I thought of asking permission to leave the ship, but I kept reporting that the leak was diminishing in size, finally the leak was sealed off (self sealing gas tanks). I was so saturated with fumes that I was afraid of static electricity blowing me to who knows where. Oh lucky me. Some time in March 1945 I was admitted to the hospital in Saint Quentin, France for a period of 21 days due to the mumps. The mumps no doubt saved my life because our group flew thirty missions during March and there is no doubt in my mind that one of them would have been the last of me. After leaving the hospital I flew my last mission on April 19, 1945. I don't recall much about the mission only that I hoped it would end soon. We were stationed at Dreux, France in September 1944. Zielinski and I decided to take a walk into the countryside. We went down this little valley and found a small house, no one was home. Firewood was stacked by the side of the house and everything was nice and neat. Out front there was a flower bed with a wooden cross in the middle. The cross held a dog tag of an American infantryman. We always wondered if Graves Registration ever found him. We did not enter the flower bed to check the narne for fear that it may have been booby trapped. I have lived through all the anguish and fear of battle. The terror of battle lingers with you till the day you die. All the scars of battle are not visible and I would like to know what kind of a man I would be today if I had missed all of these events. I hope that I have earned the blessings that were bestowed on me. You had to pick up courage from out of nowhere and be sure to never yield. I felt a great deal of apprehension and anxiety after being shot down, and found that I was totally frightened of combat and I have never been able to wash away the horrible times that I went through. I always wanted to live to a healthy old age so I would have more time to thank God for all the times that he was near me during my time in combat. I read one time that Scholars will make history more so than the combat men who were actually there during the action. Note: England lost 400 bombers during the last four months of the war, that was more bombers than they had at the beginning of the war. The U.S.A. lost 2500 bombers during 1944. I now end my service with the Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters, good conduct medal, European African Middle East campaign ribbon with four battle stars, Distinguished Unit Citation and a member of the famed Caterpillar Club, and forty one missions. I spent one year, six months and twenty one days of Continental Service and one year, two months and fourteen days of Foreign Service.

WWII 2nd Infantry Division Medic Grouping identified to Tech Sergeant Paul S. Small ASN: 33595292 to include 1) M1 Fixed Bail Combat helmet with 4 white disks that are hand applied with red crosses to their center. to the interior in yellow paint is his service number S-5292 and a heat stamp of 1-9083. The liner is also marked with his service number and was manufactured by Seaman Paper Company. 2) Ike jacket that is nicely patched out with an embroidered on felt 2nd Division SSI, Tech Sergeant Chevrons, 4 gold Overseas Stripes, Croix de Guerre Aiguillette and ribbon bars to include Purple Heart, Good Conduct Medal, American Campaign Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with Arrowhead and four battle stars, Bronze Star with an oakleaf. Also has his Sterling Combat Medic Badge with 2nd ID DI's and US and Medical Collar Disks. 3) Wool Trousers size marked 31X33 with his service number stenciled to the interior S-5292. 4) Wool Shirt size marked 14 1/2 X 32 with his service number in purple ink S-5292 with Tech Sergeant Chevrons 5) M1943 Field Jacket with 2nd Infantry Patch 6) Wool Overcoat with Tech Sergeant Chevrons and 2nd ID Patch size marked 36R. Tech Sergeant Small participated in the Normandy Landings on 6/7/44 and the Belgium, Germany and Czechoslovakia Campaigns. After training in Northern Ireland and Wales from October 1943 to June 1944, the 2nd Infantry Division crossed the channel to land on Omaha Beach on D plus 1 (7 June 1944) near Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer. Attacking across the Aure River on 10 June, the division liberated Trévières and proceeded to assault and secure Hill 192, a key enemy strong point on the road to Saint-Lo. After three weeks of fortifying the position and by order of Commanding General Walter M. Robertson, the order was given to take Hill 192. On 11 July under the command of Col. Ralph Wise Zwicker the 38th Infantry Regiment and with the 9th and the 23rd by his side the battle began at 5:45am. Using an artillery concept from World War I (rolling barrage) and with the support of 25,000 rounds of HE/WP that were fired by 8 artillery battalions, the hill was taken. Except for three days during the Battle of the Bulge, this was the heaviest expenditure of ammunition by the 38th Field Artillery Battalion, and it was the only time during the 11 months of combat that 2nd Division artillery used a rolling barrage. The division went on the defensive until 26 July. After exploiting the Saint-Lo breakout, the 2nd Division then advanced across the Vire to take Tinchebray on 15 August 1944. The division then raced toward Brest, the heavily defended port fortress that was a major port for German U-boats. After 39 days of fighting the Battle for Brest was won, and was the first place the Army Air Forces used bunker busting bombs. The division took a brief rest 19–26 September before moving to defensive positions at St. Vith, Belgium on 29 September 1944. The division entered Germany on 3 October 1944, and was ordered, on 11 December 1944, to attack and seize the Roer River dams. The German Ardennes offensive in mid-December forced the division to withdraw to defensive positions near Elsenborn Ridge, where the German drive was halted. In February 1945 the division attacked, recapturing lost ground, and seized Gemund, 4 March. Reaching the Rhine on 9 March, the division advanced south to take Breisig, 10–11 March, and to guard the Remagen bridge, 12–20 March. The division crossed the Rhine on 21 March and advanced to Hadamar and Limburg an der Lahn, relieving elements of the 9th Armored Division, 28 March. Advancing rapidly in the wake of the 9th Armored, the 2nd Infantry Division crossed the Weser at Veckerhagen, 6–7 April, captured Göttingen 8 April, established a bridgehead across the Saale, 14 April, seizing Merseburg on 15 April. On 18 April the division took Leipzig, mopped up in the area, and outposted the Mulde River; elements which had crossed the river were withdrawn 24 April. Relieved on the Mulde, the 2nd moved 200 miles, 1–3 May, to positions along the German-Czech border near Schönsee and Waldmünchen, where 2 ID relieved the 97th and 99th IDs. The division crossed over to Czechoslovakia on 4 May 1945, and attacked in the general direction of Pilsen, attacking that city on VE Day. The division lost 3,031 killed in action, 12,785 wounded in action, and 457 died of wounds. The 2nd Infantry Division returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 20 July 1945, and arrived at Camp Swift at Bastrop, Texas on 22 July 1945. They started a training schedule to prepare them to participate in the scheduled invasion of Japan, but they were still at Camp Swift on VJ Day. They then moved to the staging area at Camp Stoneman at Pittsburg, California on 28 March 1946, but the move eastward was canceled, and they received orders to move to Fort Lewis at Tacoma, Washington. They arrived at Fort Lewis on 15 April 1946, which became their home station. From their Fort Lewis base, they conducted Arctic, air transportability, amphibious, and maneuver training.

This is an excellent example of the scarce OSS Drop Knife, 1st pattern. These knives were manufactured inexpensively and quickly during WW2, and were intended to be dropped from airplanes behind enemy lines to provide weapons for resistance fighters. This OSS Drop Knife is in good condition. There is staining and scattered patches of minor oxidation and light pinpricking on the blade surface, which is most likely the condition the bayonet used was in prior to conversion. The stamped D-guard has a good amount of its original black paint, and four “knuckle” ridges stamped into it. The guard is in fine condition, with no major damage or dents. The grooved rubber hose grip around the round metal hilt is in fine shape with no rips, tears or visible damage. The end of the bayonet that projects through the stamped metal D-guard has been fashioned into a skull crusher, as is typical of these knives. The blade is 8 1/2” in length and the overall length of the knife is about 13 3/4”, from the tip of the skull crusher to the tip of the knife. Overall this is a really wonderful condition example of a classic American fighting knife made during World War II from surplus bayonets. These knives are relatively scarce and are a great example of the ingenious way in which many obsolete bayonets and swords were altered into useful weapons for American troops and allies. The knife would look equally good in a display of edged weapons that focuses on the re-worked and remanufactured knives of World War II, a display of OSS and early CIA weapons and memorabilia or any collection of American fighting knives of the World War II era. The knife is in great shape, displays wonderfully and its interesting construction and design is sure to spark many questions when the weapon is displayed. The OSS (Office of Strategic Services) was formed by the US Government during World War II, as an intelligence agency that was tasked with performing and coordinating espionage activities behind enemy lines. The agency was the predecessor of today’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS not only coordinated and assisted local resistance fighters, but also provided weapons from time to time. Some of the more commonly known OSS weapons are the single shot “Liberator” .45 ACP pistol and the “Sterile Drop Knife”. The OSS Drop Knife was manufactured in two patterns. The first, which this one is, was made from surplus US M-1873 Trapdoor rifle bayonets, and used their metal scabbard bodies as well. The second pattern, used surplus M-1913 Patton Saber blades. The knives were built using the original blades, which were cut down to size. A stamped metal, D-shaped handguard with 4 stamped spikes was attached around a hilt that utilized rubber hosing for the grip. The knives were unmarked (thus the “sterile” nomenclature), and were essentially inexpensive copies of the US M-1917 Trench Knife. The bayonet blade extended through the grip, forming the hilt, and extended out the back of the D-guard, where it was shaped into a point to form a skull crusher. The original metal scabbards were shortened and then crimped closed, and the scabbard was intended to be suspended from a leather belt frog. While there is some dispute among researchers as the accuracy of the OSS association for these inexpensively produced “knuckle” fighting knives, but they have been referred to by this name by the most notable of US edged weapons researchers and authors including M.H. Cole, Michael Silvey, Homer Brett and Robert Buerlein. One way or the other the knives were produced in the US during World War II and appear to have been intended to provide cheap weapons to resistance fighters.

WWII US Marine Corps Kabar Fighting Knife in very good condition. The leather scabbard has several written to the front USMC PEARL HARBOR MIDWAY GUAM WAKE SIAPAN TINIAN MARSHALL GILBERT and to the reverse USMC PARRIS ISLAND TENT CAMP HADNOT POINT CAMP PENDLETON. Knife shows typical wear and tear. Very Good.

Contemporary paintings from a WWII member of the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment. Both framed paintings measure 20 3/4 X 28 3/4 inches. Both paintings are signed by Jack Robertson and dated 2012.  The first painting shows C-47 Skytrain Troop Transports dropping Parachutist  with a set of Jump Wings and the 101st Screaming Eagle patch in the lower right hand corner. The second painting shows Waco Gliders in flight as well as landed with a set of Glider Wings and the 101st Airborne Patch in the lower right corner. Excellent. World War II: Normandy: Part of the 82nd Infantry Division was transferred to the 101st Airborne Division on 15 August 1942. All equipment and personnel assigned to the regiment were designed to be carried in the Waco CG-4A glider. Although a glider infantry regiment, the majority of the unit landed by sea on Utah Beach in the afternoon of 7 June 1944, because of a shortage of planes to tow its gliders. Some elements did reach shore on D-Day, 6 June, but because of rough seas, beach traffic, and the fact that the paratroopers of the 101st had already achieved many of their objectives, the landing was delayed. The 327th suffered a few casualties going ashore from enemy fire and were strafed by enemy aircraft. Near Saint-Côme-du-Mont (southeast of the village), the 327th was camped right next to German paratroopers, separated by thick hedgerows. German-speaking soldiers in the 327th engaged in taunting the enemy. The 327th took several casualties by enemy mortars. By 8 June, the 327th had entered the front line, largely in reserve of the 506th until crossing the Douve River near Carentan. First and Second Battalions guarded Utah Beachhead's left flank northeast of Carentan. Company C was hit hard by friendly fire mortars while crossing the Douve. Official findings blamed enemy mines. Company B also suffered casualties in the incident. The 327th suffered heavy casualties while advancing on Carentan via what is now the city Marina from a northeast direction and other casualties approaching Carentan from the east. G Company led the attack on the west bank of the marina canal. A Company of the attached 401st Glider Infantry Regiment was on the east bank of the canal. Concealed German machine guns and mortars inflicted the most casualties. Chaplain Gordon Cosby earned a Silver Star for bravery in the face of the enemy for assisting wounded glider men in front of heavily armed German soldiers. The 327th played a pivotal role with the 501st and 506th of the 101st in taking Carentan. The 327th marched through the town and East to be possibly the first unit of the Utah Beachhead to link up with the Omaha Beachhead around the four-villages area of le Fourchette, le Mesnil, le Rocher and Cotz. It was then directed South between the bulk of the 101st and the 75th Infantry Division of the Omaha Beachhead. The unit was commanded by Col. George S. Wear through 10 June, when command was turned over to Col. Joseph H. Harper. Although not official, the men of the 327th understood that Wear was replaced because of friendly-fire artillery casualties while crossing the Douve River.[citation needed] Officially, enemy mortars were blamed.The Netherlands: The regiment played a pivotal role in Operation Market Garden battle near Best, in the Netherlands, encircling a large German force which had been pressured from the west by the tank-supported 502nd of the 101st. Sgt. Manuel Hidalgo and Lt. Hibbard of G Company risked their lives in a humanitarian effort to get the enemy to surrender before being annihilated by the 327th. In the Market Garden operations, some companies in the 327th suffered two-thirds casualty rates before arriving at Opheusden. 2nd Battalion, especially Company G, suffered heavy casualties from a brutal shelling in the churchyard at Veghel. The large artillery shells were launched from the Erp vicinity. Dutch collaborators aided German scouts and were executed by the Dutch underground after the shelling. At Opheusden, the 327th withstood repeated assaults by the enemy and heavy artillery barrages. In Rendezvous with Destiny, Rapport and Arthur cite British officers that indicated that the barrage suffered by the 327 was as intense as anything they had seen, and rivaled what the British pummeled the Germans with at El Alamein in North Africa. The fighting along the west and northwest perimeter in the Ophuesden (the Island) area was as intense as any fighting in the area. E Company engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the enemy near the railroad track switch house south of Opheusden. The enemy repeatedly hurled their units unsuccessfully at the glider men and suffered high casualties. Bastogne: At Bastogne, Belgium, the 327 held half of the perimeter (including the 401, which was acting as the Regiment's 3rd Battalion and later officially became a part of the 327). Numerous intense fights erupted along the 327 sector including two brutal fights at Marvie and more to the west in the 401 section. The Germans attacking were of the Volksgrenadiers and the elite tank-based Panzer Lehr. At Marvie the 327 was outnumbered by 15 to 1. Facing only two US companies, G Company, supported by several tanks from the 10th Armored Division and E Company in reserve, the German commander took his whole division further west. At Marvie, the Germans lost six tanks and several half tracks. One tank did break into Marvie, but was destroyed trying to make a run towards Bastogne. Several days later, during the night of 23 December, the enemy attacked in force with tanks. The road through Marvie was blocked when G Company mistook a US tank destroyer for a German tank and destroyed it on the village bridge. The Germans overran Hill 500 just to the west of Marvie and broke through the gap between F and G Company. The enemy then put rear pressure on the F Company Command Post. A platoon sized paratrooper element came to support F Company. The German forces managed to place tanks behind US lines between Marvie and Bastogne. The glider men of Company G and Company F were pushed back from 500 to 1,000 yards during the intense fighting, but did not break. Unable to make quick progress, the Germans pressed the attack until morning, but withdrew when the German Command Center was destroyed by US artillery. Again, the 327 was badly outnumbered by the enemy. After the break through by General Patton's tanks, the 327th proceeded to the north sector of the Bastogne theater of operations. There, 2nd Battalion was involved in clearing Champs after a German armored element broke through paratrooper lines. Companies A and C suffered intense casualties and were consolidated into one company call ACE. Later, the 327 made an open field maneuver against armored enemy troops east of Foy, which helped secure that village. The ferocity and speed of the open-field attack surprised the Germans and the paratrooper regiments on the flanks of the attack. German forces attacked the flank and surrounded ACE Company in Bois Jacques. After that, the enemy was primarily in withdrawal mode back to Germany. The 327 often is slighted by fans of the 101st Airborne Division as riding in a glider is not deemed as perilous as parachuting in battle. Several companies of the 327 suffered casualty rates as high or higher than many paratrooper regiments. Some companies, such as A, C, and G, and the 401st took casualties as severe as the most engaged paratrooper regiments. On D+2, glider flights into Market Garden suffered a 30% loss of gliders. Later, the 327 was involved in action near Hagenau, France in Alsace.

WWII British M1940 pattern battle dress uniform jacket. Jacket has Parachute Regiment shoulder titles on both sleeves, 1st PARA red / maroon winged Pegasus airborne flash on both sleeves, Sergeant stripes on both sleeves. Excellent.

Rare, WWII US Army Air Corps CG-4 Waco Glider wooden bench seat used during the D-day landings. Seat measures roughly 54 X 18 inches and is made entirely of light weight wood. There is a manufacturer's mark at the bottom of the seat but it is very difficult to read. Operational history: Sedalia Glider Base was originally activated on 6 August 1942. In November 1942 the installation became Sedalia Army Air Field (after the war would be renamed Whiteman Air Force Base) and was assigned to the 12th Troop Carrier Command of the United States Army Air Forces. The field served as a training site for glider pilots and paratroopers. Assigned aircraft included the CG-4A glider, Curtiss C-46 Commando, and Douglas C-47 Skytrain. The C-46 was not used as a glider tug in combat however until Operation Plunder (the crossing of the Rhine) in March 1945. CG-4As went into operation in July 1943 during the Allied invasion of Sicily. They were flown 450 miles across the Mediterranean from North Africa for the night-time assaults such as Operation Ladbroke. Inexperience and poor conditions contributed to the heavy losses. They participated in the American airborne landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944, and in other important airborne operations in Europe and in the China Burma India Theater. Although not the intention of the Army Air Forces, gliders were generally considered expendable by high-ranking European theater officers and combat personnel and were abandoned or destroyed after landing. While equipment and methods for extracting flyable gliders were developed and delivered to Europe, half of that equipment was rendered unavailable by certain higher-ranked officers.[citation needed] Despite this lack of support for the recovery system, several gliders were recovered from Normandy and even more from Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands and Wesel, Germany.The CG-4A found favor where its small size was a benefit. The larger British Airspeed Horsa could carry more troopers (seating for 28 or a jeep or an anti-tank gun), and the British General Aircraft Hamilcar could carry 7 tons (enough for a light tank), but the CG-4A could land in smaller spaces. In addition, by using a fairly simple grapple system, an in-flight C-47 equipped with a tail hook and rope braking drum could "pick up" a CG-4A waiting on the ground.[10] The system was used in the 1945 high-elevation rescue of the survivors of the Gremlin Special 1945 crash, in a mountain valley of New Guinea.

Historically important D-day flag grouping to include 1) WWII D-day Ensign number 10 Battle Flag flown during the Invasion of Normandy on June 6th 1944 during the first wave at Omaha Beach. The flag was souvenired by Motor Machinist's Mate First Class Frank Ralph Maratea,.who was aboard the ship  during the Invasion. The bunting of the flag says its a Ensign number 10 measuring 34 inches wide X 68 inches with fraying to the fly and 4 brass grommets to the hoist. The blue canton having 48 separately applied stars. 2) WWII US Navy Commission Streamer Flag for LCI (L)-538. Shows considerable wear and tear. 3) Original Ephemera to include  his induction and separation papers as well as his Honorable Discharge. First Class Maratea was invited to attend the 50th Anniversary of the D-day Landings by the US and French Governments and took photos of the event including President Bill Clinton. Also he posed for photos at Omaha Beach. There are also copy shots of him on the deck of LCI (L)-538 and photos of Reunion meetings. 4) D-day 50th Anniversary plaque with a stone mounted from Omaha Beach. 5) USN Sampson Naval Base Pennant. measuring 12 X 29 inches. 6) Printed 48 Star Flag that has been properly folded. 7) Two D-day 50th Anniversary Hats, one with pins from events held during the event. LCI (L)-538 was built by the New Jersey Shipbuilding Corporation of Barber, New Jersey. Her keel was laid 22 April 1943; launched 3 July 1943; and commissioned 27 July 1943, Following her acceptance. LCI(L)-538 departed for Little Creek, Virginia and reported to CinClant for underway training. Her cruise took her around the Solomon Islands in the Chesapeake Bay. Upon completion of her training, she performed minor repairs and upkeep preparation for her trip to the war zone. LCI(L)-538 formed up in Convoy UGS-38 and headed for Europe. While underway, the convoy was attacked by twenty-three German bombers on 20 April 1944. The Liberty ship Paul Hamilton took a direct hit from a torpedo; a violent explosion resulted; with debris soared high in the air. When the smoke cleared, there was no sign of the ship. Not one of the 498 men survived the blast. The convoy Limped on into Italy to discharge cargo. After discharging their cargo, the group headed for England. Upon her arrival in England, LCI[L]-538 began making preparations for the upcoming invasion of France. She Loaded her troops on 5 June 1944, then set sail across the English Channel. The Channel crossing was made worse by a raging storm, but the craft arrived off the beaches of Normandy the following day. Most of her crew sea-sick, she went ashore in one of the first waves of the attack. She later retracted and moved off shore to begin shuttling her troops ashore. She remained on station until the area was secured on 25 June. She then began moving troops between England and France until war's end. With her mission complete, LCI(L)-538 sailed for home. Shortly after her arrival in the States, she was decommissioned and placed up for sale. LCT(L)-538 earned two battle stars for her World War II service.

Outstanding named Lieutenant Generals Uniform Grouping to include 1) Lieutenant Generals Dress Uniform. This outstanding uniform is adorned with Lt. Generals Shoulder Boards in bullion thread, Standard US Officers Collar Devices, a 22 place medal bar with Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf, Silver Star Medal with Oak Leaf, Legion Of Merit Medal, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal, Army Commendation Medal, American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with a Silver Star, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with Bronze Star, Victory Medal, Occupation Medal, Korean Service Medal with two silver stars, Philippine Liberation Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Commander of the Order of Leopold II, United Nations Service Medal, One Foreign Award That I do not know what it is, Colombia. A Infantry Battalion Medal (Medal Of Honour For Mission Accomplished) , Order of Boyacá, Republic of Korea War Service Medal and lastly a Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Badge. To the other side of the chest is a direct embroidered in bullion threads a United States Staff Identification Badge. Just above that is his named plate. Wide gold bullion bands at the cuffs to denote a Flag Officer. The uniform was tailored in Japan by M. Watanabe of Tokyo. The uniform has matching trousers and a stunning General Officers hat that is also made of Midnight Blue Wool with black Velvet Centerband with Bullion Oak Leafs and Acorns. The cap is also tailored in Japan and has his name written in Japanese. There are also several items to include a Miniature Sword in the Presentation Case with a dedication plaque that reads "Lieutenant General A. Trudeau Chief Research and Development U.S. Army From Major General E.MS. Malm Chief Of Royal Swedish Army Ordnance Administration August 1961. The presentation case white leather suede with gold gilt letters from the presenter. Presentation Gimlet measuring 16 1/2 inches long with the inscription 21st Gimlet Infantry Regiment Corps Commander Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau. Presentation Riding Crop. Presentation Gong A stunning 1st Cavalry Patch that is Theater Made in Bullion. and a set of the Generals White Gloves and Belt Buckle. The Uniform Grouping came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Arthur Gilbert Trudeau (July 5, 1902 – June 5, 1991) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army. He is best known for his command of the 7th Infantry Division during the Battle of Pork Chop Hill in the Korean War. Early life and education: Trudeau was born in Middlebury, Vermont, on July 5, 1902, and entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1920. He graduated in the Class of 1924 and later served in the 104th Engineers of the New Jersey National Guard. Career: In 1944, Trudeau was promoted to brigadier general. Considered a specialist in amphibious warfare as the prior chief of staff of the Engineer Amphibian Command, he assumed command of a secret base in the Philippines in 1945, assisting in the preparation for an invasion of Japan that never happened. In January 1946, Trudeau was appointed as a judge at the military tribunal of Gen. Masaharu Homma in view of the war crimes committed by his command during the invasion of the Philippines, sitting on the bench along with Major General Leo Donovan, Major General Basilio Valdes, Brig. Gen. Robert G. Gard, and Brig. Gen. Warren H. McNaught. After the war, he served in Germany, before becoming deputy commander of the United States Army War College in 1950. During the Korean War, Trudeau commanded the 7th Infantry Division. He received the Silver Star by personally leading a reconnaissance team to scout a strategic position, Pork Chop Hill, while it was under heavy enemy fire. He was named chief of army intelligence in October 1953, but was relieved of his command 20 months later when Allen W. Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence, sent a scathing memorandum of complaints to the Pentagon. Although the contents of the memorandum were not made public, Trudeau was noted for his vigorous anti-Communist statements, and he often clashed with other government officials over their differing views of communist intentions. He returned to Korea to take command of I Corps. On October 18, 1956, Trudeau was promoted to lieutenant general. In 1958, he returned to Washington as director of Army research and development. Later life and death: Upon retirement from the army in 1962, Trudeau went on to head Gulf Labs of the Gulf Oil Corporation in Pittsburgh until 1968. He then served as a special adviser to the chairman of Pittsburgh's Rockwell International aerospace firm until 1972. Throughout his military service, Trudeau was an outspoken advocate of racial integration of the military. He also said it was in the nation's best interests that educational opportunities be provided for the disadvantaged so they could take advantage of new career openings. Trudeau is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. Trudeau died on June 5, 1991, in Chevy Chase, Maryland, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Awards and decorations: Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters Silver Star with oak leaf cluster Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal Air Medal Philippine Liberation Medal Commander of the Order of Leopold II Order of Boyacá Order of the Rising Sun Knight Commander of the Order of the Sword United Nations Medal

Formal dress uniform of a Major General The General’s Formal Dress uniform is made with blue-black velvet braid adorned with golden oak leaves at the end of the sleeve and two Silver Stars to indicate the rank of Major General. The General's Visor hat was manufactured by Morry Luxemberg and is marked size 7 1/2. Excellent. The uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

WWII Named 82nd / 17th Airborne uniform grouping belonging to Combat Medic Harold L. Shindley ASN 37668519 of Waterloo Iowa. The items included are 1) Nicely dressed out Ike jacket having the ultra rare Medical detachment oval with a beautiful set of Sterling marked Glider wings with combat star and the ultra rare Medical Jump Oval. Also on the uniform is a beautifully toned Combat Medic's Badge also in sterling. PFC Shindley was awarded: Good Conduct medal with the two Knot device for a second award, American Campaign Medal, European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three campaign stars, Victory Medal and finally the American Legion Medal. To the right of the chest is a Presidential Unit Citation. PFC Shindley served 18 months of overseas duty and his baptism into the fire was Bastogne and he served continually till the end of the war. The Ike jacket is also adorned with two aiguillettes, of Belgian and Holland. Also in the grouping are four overseas caps, one having the rare Medical piping on the roundel. Three are piped for medical service while the last one is piped in Infantry blue. There is a case of loose insignia that includes Glider Wings in Sterling, British Made Glider Wings made into a bracelet, Corporal Chevrons, Four 17th Airborne SSI's, Two 82nd Airborne Shoulder Patches and finally a PARA/GLIDER Cap Patch. Also in the grouping is a 82nd Patched Overcoat and finally a beautifully painted gym bag that is inked with the 17th and 82nd Airborne insignias along with a Cowboy on a bronco with "Harry Waterloo Iowa" Also in the grouping are roughly 100 photo negatives of which some of the images have been reproduced for the new owner to view. A copy of his DD-214 and his obit. This is a beautiful set worthy in any collection. 82nd Airborne Division "All American Division" (1942–45)Initial training and conversion The 82nd Division was redesignated on 13 February 1942 during World War II, just two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the German declaration of war, as Division Headquarters, 82nd Division. It was recalled to active service on 25 March 1942, and reorganized at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, under the command of Major General Omar Bradley. During this training period, the division brought together three officers who would ultimately steer the U.S. Army during the following two decades: Matthew Ridgway, James M. Gavin, and Maxwell D. Taylor. Under Major General Bradley, the 82nd Division's Chief of Staff was George Van Pope. On 15 August 1942, the 82nd Infantry Division, now commanded by Major General Ridgway, became the first airborne division in the history of the U.S. Army, and was redesignated as the 82nd Airborne Division. The division initially consisted of the 325th, 326th and 327th Infantry Regiments, and supporting units. The 327th was soon transferred to help form the 101st Airborne Division and was replaced by the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, leaving the division with two regiments of glider infantry and one of parachute infantry. In February 1943 the division received another change when the 326th was transferred to the 13th Airborne Division, being replaced by the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, under James M. Gavin, then a colonel, who was later destined to command the division.Sicily and ItalyIn April 1943, after several months of tough training, its troopers deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, under the command of Major General Ridgway to take part in the campaign to invade Sicily. The division's first two combat operations were parachute assaults into Sicily on 9 July and Salerno on 13 September 1943. The initial assault on Sicily, by the 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team, under Colonel Gavin, was the first regimental-sized combat parachute assault conducted by the United States Army. The first glider assault did not occur until Operation Neptune as part of the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944. Glider troopers of the 319th and 320th Glider Field Artillery Battalions and the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment (and the 3rd Battalion of the 504th PIR) instead arrived in Italy by landing craft at Maiori (319th) and Salerno (320th, 325th). In January 1944, the 504th, commanded by Colonel Reuben Tucker, which was temporarily detached to fight at Anzio, adopted the nickname "Devils in Baggy Pants", taken from an entry in a German officer's diary. The 504th was replaced in the division by the inexperienced 507th Parachute Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel George V. Millet, Jr.. While the 504th was detached, the remainder of the 82nd Airborne Division moved to the United Kingdom in November 1943 to prepare for the liberation of Europe. See RAF North Witham and RAF Folkingham.NormandyWith two combat drops under its belt, the 82nd Airborne Division was now ready for the most ambitious airborne operation of the war so far, as part of Operation Neptune, the Allied invasion of Normandy. The division conducted Mission Boston, part of the airborne assault phase of the Operation Overlord plan. In preparation for the operation, the division was significantly reorganized. To ease the integration of replacement troops, rest, and refitting following the fighting in Italy, the 504th PIR did not rejoin the division for the invasion. Two new parachute infantry regiments (PIRs), the 507th and the 508th, provided it, along with the veteran 505th, a three-parachute infantry regiment punch. The 325th was also reinforced by the addition of the 3rd Battalion of the 401st GIR, bringing it up to a strength of three battalions. On 5 and 6 June these paratroopers, parachute artillery elements, and the 319th and 320th, boarded hundreds of transport planes and gliders to begin history's largest airborne assault at the time (only Operation Market Garden later that year would be larger). During the 6 June assault, a 508th platoon leader, First Lieutenant Robert P. Mathias, would be the first U.S. Army officer killed by German fire on D-Day.[17] On 7 June, after this first wave of attack, the 325th GIR would arrive by glider to provide a division reserve. In Normandy, the 82nd gained its first Medal of Honor of the war, belonging to Private First Class Charles N. DeGlopper of the 325th GIR.[18] By the time the division was relieved, in early July, the 82nd had seen 33 days of severe combat and casualties had been heavy. Losses included 5,245 troopers killed, wounded, or missing, for a total of 46% casualties. Major General Ridgway's post-battle report stated in part, "... 33 days of action without relief, without replacements. Every mission accomplished. No ground gained was ever relinquished." Following Normandy, the 82nd Airborne Division returned to England to rest and refit for future airborne operations. The 82nd became part of the newly organized XVIII Airborne Corps, which consisted of the 17th, 82nd, and 101st Airborne Divisions. Ridgway was given command of the corps but was not promoted to lieutenant general until 1945. His recommendation for succession as division commander was Brigadier General James M. Gavin, previously the 82nd's ADC. Ridgway's recommendation met with approval, and upon promotion Gavin became the youngest general since the Civil War to command a U.S. Army division.Market GardenOn 2 August 1944 the division became part of the First Allied Airborne Army. In September, the 82nd began planning for Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands. The operation called for three-plus airborne divisions to seize and hold key bridges and roads deep behind German lines. The 504th PIR, now back at full strength, was reassigned to the 82nd, while the 507th was assigned to the 17th Airborne Division, at the time training in England. On 17 September, the "All American" Division conducted its fourth (and final) combat jump of World War II. Fighting off German counterattacks, the division captured its objectives between Grave, and Nijmegen. The division failed to capture Nijmegen Bridge when the opportunity presented itself early in the battle. When the British XXX Corps arrived in Nijmegen, six hours ahead of schedule, they found themselves having to fight to take a bridge that should have already been in allied hands. In the afternoon of Wednesday 20 September 1944, the 82nd Airborne Division conducted a successfully opposed river assault on the river crossing of the Waal river. War correspondent Bill Downs, who witnessed the assault, described it as "a single, isolated battle that ranks in magnificence and courage with Guam, Tarawa, Omaha Beach. A story that should be told to the blowing of bugles and the beating of drums for the men whose bravery made the capture of this crossing over the Waal possible." The Market Garden salient was held in a defensive operation for several weeks until the 82nd was relieved by Canadian troops, and sent into reserve in France. During the operation, 19-year-old Private John R. Towle of the 504th PIR was posthumously awarded the 82nd Airborne Division's second Medal of Honor of World War II.The BulgeOn 16 December 1944, the Germans launched a surprise offensive through the Ardennes Forest, which became known as the Battle of the Bulge. In SHAEF reserve, the 82nd was committed on the northern face of the bulge near Elsenborn Ridge. On 20 December 1944, the 82nd Airborne Division was assigned to take Cheneux where they would force the Waffen SS Division Leibstandarte's Kampfgruppe Peiper into a fighting retreat. On 21–22 December 1944, the 82nd Airborne faced counterattacks from three powerful Waffen SS divisions which included the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, and the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen. The Waffen SS efforts to relieve Kampfgruppe Peiper failed due to the stubborn defense of the 82nd Airborne. On 23 December, the German divisions attacked from the south and overran the 325th GIR holding the Baraque- Fraiture crossroads on the 82nd's southern flank, endangering the entire 82nd Airborne division. The 2nd SS Panzer's objective was to outflank the 82nd Airborne. It was not an attack designed to reach Peiper, but it was his last chance, nonetheless. If it did outflank the 82nd, it could have opened a corridor and reached the stranded yet still powerful Kampfgruppe. But the attack came too late. On 24 December 1944, the 82nd Airborne Division with an official strength of 8,520 men was facing off against a vastly superior combined force of 43,000 men and over 1,200 armored fighting and artillery vehicles and pieces.[22] Due to these circumstances, the 82nd Airborne Division was forced to withdrawal for the first time in its combat history.[23] The Germans pursued their retreat with the 2nd and 9th SS Panzer Divisions. The 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich engaged the 82nd until 28 December when it and what was left of the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte were ordered to move south to meet General Patton's forces attacking in the area of Bastogne. Some units of the 9th SS Panzer including the 19th Panzer Grenadier Regiment stayed and fought the 82nd. They were joined by the 62nd Volksgrenadier Division. The 9th SS Panzer tried to breakthrough by attacking the 508 and 504 PIR positions, but ultimately failed. The failure of the 9th and 2nd SS Panzer Divisions to break through the 82nd lines marked the end of the German offensive in the northern shoulder of the Bulge. The German objective now became one of defense. On 3 January 1945, the 82nd Airborne Division conducted a counterattack. On the first day's fighting the Division overran the 62nd Volksgrenadiers and the 9th SS Panzer's positions capturing 2,400 prisoners.[26] The 82nd Airborne suffered high casualties in the process. The attached 551st Parachute Infantry Battalion was all but destroyed during these attacks. Of the 826 men who went into the Ardennes, only 110 came out. Having lost its charismatic leader Lt. Colonel Joerg, and almost all its men either wounded, killed, or frostbitten, the 551 was never reconstituted. The few soldiers who remained were later absorbed into units of the 82nd Airborne. After several days of fighting, the destruction of the 62nd Volksgrenadiers, and what had been left of the 9th SS Panzer Division was complete. For the 82nd Airborne Division the first part of the Battle of the Bulge had ended. Into Germany After helping to secure the Ruhr, the 82nd Airborne Division ended the war at Ludwigslust past the Elbe River, accepting the surrender of over 150,000 men of Lieutenant General Kurt von Tippelskirch's 21st Army. General Omar Bradley, commanding the U.S. 12th Army Group, stated in a 1975 interview with Gavin that Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, commanding the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, had told him that German opposition was too great to cross the Elbe. When Gavin's 82nd crossed the river, in company with the British 6th Airborne Division, the 82nd Airborne Division moved 36 miles in one day and captured over 100,000 troops, causing great laughter in Bradley's 12th Army Group headquarters. Following Germany's surrender, the 82nd Airborne Division entered Berlin for occupation duty, replacing the 2nd Armored Division in August 1945.[30]:94 The division was relieved by the 78th Infantry Division early in November 1945.[30]:131 In Berlin General George S. Patton was so impressed with the 82nd's honor guard he said, "In all my years in the Army and all the honor guards I have ever seen, the 82nd's honor guard is undoubtedly the best." Hence the "All-American" became also known as "America's Guard of Honor". The war ended before their scheduled participation in the Allied invasion of Japan, Operation Downfall. During the invasion of Italy, Ridgway considered Will Lang Jr. of TIME magazine an honorary member of the division.CasualtiesTotal battle casualties: 9,073Killed in action: 1,619 Wounded in action: 6,560 Missing in action: 279 Prisoner of war: 615

Lot of three United States Officers swords to include 1) WWI PERIOD M1902 OFFICER'S SWORD NAMED BY JOHN F. MORRAN OF HARTFORD CONN.  U.S. M1902 officer's dress sword. Nickeled backstrap/pommel and three-branch guard. Finger grooved black wood grip. 32" blade is etched with military/floral motifs with a Federal Eagle and is maker marked to John F. Morran. Two-ring nickel scabbard. Measures approx. 36" length. The blade is also named to J.B. Byrne. Excellent. 2) POST WWII US NAVY OFFICER'S SWORD WITH KNOT H&H. Postwar manufacture US Naval Officer's sword. 29" acid etched blade, approximately 34" overall length, with gold wire bullion sword knot and original scabbard. Maker marked at the ricasso Hilborn Hamburger Inc. New York Made in Solingen Germany and is also named to James R. Ruwellhawkkins. Has Damascus star of approval on the other side. Stainless steel blade is shiny and without defects, as is the scabbard. The knot is also in mint condition. 3) WWI PERIOD M1902 OFFICER'S SWORD. 36" overall with a 30" etched blade. Blade is bright and shiny. Tight hilt and grip, nickel plated scabbard. Excellent.

This is an excellent example of the scarce OSS Drop Knife, 1st pattern. These knives were manufactured inexpensively and quickly during WW2, and were intended to be dropped from airplanes behind enemy lines to provide weapons for resistance fighters. This OSS Drop Knife is in good condition. There is staining and scattered patches of minor oxidation and light pinpricking on the blade surface, which is most likely the condition the bayonet used was in prior to conversion. The stamped D-guard has a good amount of its original black paint, and four “knuckle” ridges stamped into it. The guard is in fine condition, with no major damage or dents. The grooved rubber hose grip around the round metal hilt is in fine shape with no rips, tears or visible damage. The end of the bayonet that projects through the stamped metal D-guard has been fashioned into a skull crusher, as is typical of these knives. The blade is 8 1/2” in length and the overall length of the knife is about 13 3/4”, from the tip of the skull crusher to the tip of the knife. Overall this is a really wonderful condition example of a classic American fighting knife made during World War II from surplus bayonets. These knives are relatively scarce and are a great example of the ingenious way in which many obsolete bayonets and swords were altered into useful weapons for American troops and allies. The knife would look equally good in a display of edged weapons that focuses on the re-worked and remanufactured knives of World War II, a display of OSS and early CIA weapons and memorabilia or any collection of American fighting knives of the World War II era. The knife is in great shape, displays wonderfully and its interesting construction and design is sure to spark many questions when the weapon is displayed. The OSS (Office of Strategic Services) was formed by the US Government during World War II, as an intelligence agency that was tasked with performing and coordinating espionage activities behind enemy lines. The agency was the predecessor of today’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The OSS not only coordinated and assisted local resistance fighters, but also provided weapons from time to time. Some of the more commonly known OSS weapons are the single shot “Liberator” .45 ACP pistol and the “Sterile Drop Knife”. The OSS Drop Knife was manufactured in two patterns. The first, which this one is, was made from surplus US M-1873 Trapdoor rifle bayonets, and used their metal scabbard bodies as well. The second pattern, used surplus M-1913 Patton Saber blades. The knives were built using the original blades, which were cut down to size. A stamped metal, D-shaped handguard with 4 stamped spikes was attached around a hilt that utilized rubber hosing for the grip. The knives were unmarked (thus the “sterile” nomenclature), and were essentially inexpensive copies of the US M-1917 Trench Knife. The bayonet blade extended through the grip, forming the hilt, and extended out the back of the D-guard, where it was shaped into a point to form a skull crusher. The original metal scabbards were shortened and then crimped closed, and the scabbard was intended to be suspended from a leather belt frog. While there is some dispute among researchers as the accuracy of the OSS association for these inexpensively produced “knuckle” fighting knives, but they have been referred to by this name by the most notable of US edged weapons researchers and authors including M.H. Cole, Michael Silvey, Homer Brett and Robert Buerlein. One way or the other the knives were produced in the US during World War II and appear to have been intended to provide cheap weapons to resistance fighters.

WWII US Army Air Corps Pilot Grouping identified to Hiram E. Mann of the Tuskegee Airmen. Items in the grouping are 1) WWII LEATHER TYPE B-3 FLIGHT JACKET. Jacket is still fairly supple and is nicely tagged to the interior. There are a few period leather patch repairs to the reverse and the zipper does not function. 2)  WWII US ARMY OFFICERS UNIFORM JACKET & DRESS SHIRT. Dress jacket is size 38R  with a 1942 contract date. The jacket has a bullion Army Air Corps Shoulder Sleeve Patch, Sterling Silver Pilot Wings and a ribbon bar with Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three Battle Stars and a Victory Medal. The tunic is also adorned with US and Wing and Prop Devices as well as Sterling Captains Bars. 3) Silk Green/Brown Flight Scarf 4) Two Flight Suits showing normal wear and tear. 5) Officers Wool Visor Hat in excellent condition. 6) Officers Overseas Cap with Captain Officers insignia. 7) Framed Poster Board showing images of Captain Hiram E. Hiram measuring 17 1/4 X 22 1/4 inches 8) Copy of Tony Brown's Journal featuring the story of the Tuskegee Airmen. 9) Signed copy of "A Pilot's Journey" by George Norfleet. 10) Signed copy of "Keep Your Airspeed up" by Harold H. Brown. 11) Album comprised of original and photocopy paperwork and photos. The Tuskegee Airmen was a group of African American military pilots (fighter and bomber) and airmen who fought in World War II. They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group (Medium) of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks, and other support personnel. The Tuskegee airmen received praise for their excellent combat record earned while protecting American bombers from enemy fighters. The group was awarded three Distinguished Unit Citations. All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Griel Field, Kennedy Field, Moton Field, Shorter Field, and the Tuskegee Army Air Fields. They were educated at the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University), located near Tuskegee, Alabama. Of the 922 pilots, five were Haitians from the Haitian Air Force and one pilot was from Trinidad. It also included an airman born in the Dominican Republic and one born in Jamaica. The 99th Pursuit Squadron (later the 99th Fighter Squadron) was the first black flying squadron, and the first to deploy overseas (to North Africa in April 1943, and later to Sicily and other parts of Italy). The 332nd Fighter Group, which originally included the 100th, 301st and 302nd Fighter Squadrons, was the first black flying group. It deployed to Italy in early 1944. Although the 477th Bombardment Group trained with North American B-25 Mitchell bombers, they never served in combat. In June 1944, the 332nd Fighter Group began flying heavy bomber escort missions and, in July 1944, with the addition of the 99th Fighter Squadron, it had four fighter squadrons. The 99th Fighter Squadron was initially equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter-bomber aircraft. The 332nd Fighter Group and its 100th, 301st and 302nd Fighter Squadrons were equipped for initial combat missions with Bell P-39 Airacobras (March 1944), later with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts (June–July 1944) and finally with the aircraft with which they became most commonly associated, the North American P-51 Mustang (July 1944). When the pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group painted the tails of their P-47s red, the nickname "Red Tails" was coined. The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P-51s as well as a red empennage; the P-51B, C and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes, with red propeller spinners, yellow wing bands and all-red tail surfaces. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces. During World War II, black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws and the American military was racially segregated, as was much of the federal government. The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to discrimination, both within and outside of the army. Combat assignment: The 99th was finally considered ready for combat duty by April 1943. It shipped out of Tuskegee on 2 April, bound for North Africa, where it joined the 33rd Fighter Group and its commander, Colonel William W. Momyer. Given little guidance from battle-experienced pilots, the 99th's first combat mission was to attack the small strategic volcanic island of Pantelleria, code name Operation Corkscrew, in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea lanes for the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943. The air assault on the island began 30 May 1943. The 99th flew its first combat mission on 2 June. The surrender of the garrison of 11,121 Italians and 78 Germans due to air attack was the first of its kind. The 99th then moved on to Sicily and received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its performance in combat.By the end of February 1944, the all-black 332nd Fighter Group had been sent overseas with three fighter squadrons: The 100th, 301st and 302nd. Under the command of Colonel Davis, the squadrons were moved to mainland Italy, where the 99th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the group on 1 May 1944, joined them on 6 June at Ramitelli Airfield, nine kilometers south-southeast of the small city of Campomarino, on the Adriatic coast. From Ramitelli, the 332nd Fighter Group escorted Fifteenth Air Force heavy strategic bombing raids into Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Germany.  Flying escort for heavy bombers, the 332nd earned an impressive combat record. The Allies called these airmen "Red Tails" or "Red-Tail Angels," because of the distinctive crimson unit identification marking predominantly applied on the tail section of the unit's aircraft.  A B-25 bomb group, the 477th Bombardment Group, was forming in the U.S. but was not able to complete its training in time to see action. The 99th Fighter Squadron after its return to the United States became part of the 477th, redesignated the 477th Composite Group.  Active air units: The only black air units that saw combat during the war were the 99th Pursuit Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group. The dive-bombing and strafing missions under Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr. were considered to be highly successful. In May 1942, the 99th Pursuit Squadron was renamed the 99th Fighter Squadron. It earned three Distinguished Unit Citations (DUC) during World War II. The DUCs were for operations over Sicily from 30 May – 11 June 1943, Monastery Hill near Cassino from 12 to 14 May 1944, and for successfully fighting off German jet aircraft on 24 March 1945. The mission was the longest bomber escort mission of the Fifteenth Air Force throughout the war. The 332nd flew missions in Sicily, Anzio, Normandy, the Rhineland, the Po Valley and Rome-Arno and others. Pilots of the 99th once set a record for destroying five enemy aircraft in under four minutes.  The Tuskegee Airmen shot down three German jets in a single day. On 24 March 1945, 43 P-51 Mustangs led by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis escorted B-17 bombers over 1,600 miles (2,600 km) into Germany and back. The bombers' target, a massive Daimler-Benz tank factory in Berlin, was heavily defended by Luftwaffe aircraft, including propeller-driven Fw 190s, Me 163 "Komet" rocket-powered fighters, and 25 of the much more formidable Me 262s, history's first operational jet fighter. Pilots Charles Brantley, Earl Lane and Roscoe Brown all shot down German jets over Berlin that day. For the mission, the 332nd Fighter Group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation. Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group earned 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses. Their missions took them over Italy and enemy-occupied parts of central and southern Europe. Their operational aircraft were, in succession: Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, Bell P-39 Airacobra, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and North American P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft. Formation: With African-American fighter pilots being trained successfully, the Army Air Force now came under political pressure from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations to organize a bomber unit. There could be no defensible argument that the quota of 100 African-American pilots in training at one time, or 200 per year out of a total of 60,000 American aviation cadets in annual training, represented the service potential of 13 million African-Americans.  On 13 May 1943, the 616th Bombardment Squadron was established as the initial subordinate squadron of the 477th Bombardment Group, an all-white group. The squadron was activated on 1 July 1943, only to be inactivated on 15 August 1943. By September 1943, the number of washed-out cadets on base had surged to 286, with few of them working. In January 1944, the 477th Bombardment Group was reactivated—an all-Black group. At the time, the usual training cycle for a bombardment group took three to four months. The 477th eventually contained four medium bomber squadrons. Slated to comprise 1,200 officers and enlisted men, the unit operated 60 North American B-25 Mitchell bombers. The 477th went on to encompass three more bomber squadrons–the 617th Bombardment Squadron, the 618th Bombardment Squadron, and the 619th Bombardment Squadron. The 477th was anticipated to be ready for action in November 1944. The home field for the 477th was Selfridge Field, located outside Detroit, with forays to Oscoda Army Air Field in Oscoda, Michigan. Other bases were used for various types of training courses. Twin-engine pilot training began at Tuskegee while the transition to multi-engine pilot training was at Mather Field, California. Some ground crews trained at Mather before rotating to Inglewood. Gunners learned to shoot at Eglin Field, Florida. Bombers-navigators learned their trades at Hondo Army Air Field and Midland Air Field, Texas or at Roswell, New Mexico. Training of the new African-American crewmen also took place at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Lincoln, Nebraska, and Scott Field, Belleville, Illinois. Once trained, the air and ground crews were spliced into a working unit at Selfridge. Command difficulties: The new group's first commanding officer was Colonel Robert Selway, who had also commanded the 332nd Fighter Group before it deployed for combat overseas. Like his ranking officer, Major General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter from Georgia, Selway was a racial segregationist. Hunter was blunt about it, saying such things as "...racial friction will occur if colored and white pilots are trained together." He backed Selway's violations of Army Regulation 210–10, which forbade segregation of airbase facilities. They segregated base facilities so thoroughly that they even drew a line in the base theater and ordered separate seating by race. When the audience sat in random patterns as part of "Operation Checkerboard," the movie was halted to make men return to segregated seating.African-American officers petitioned base Commanding Officer William Boyd for access to the only officer's club on base. Lieutenant Milton Henry entered the club and personally demanded his club rights; he was court-martialed for this. Subsequently, Colonel Boyd denied club rights to African-Americans, although General Hunter stepped in and promised a separate but equal club would be built for black airmen. The 477th was transferred to Godman Field, Kentucky before the club was built. They had spent five months at Selfridge but found themselves on a base a fraction of Selfridge's size, with no air-to-ground gunnery range and deteriorating runways that were too short for B-25 landings. Colonel Selway took on the second role of the commanding officer of Godman Field. In that capacity, he ceded Godman Field's officers club to African-American airmen. White officers used the whites-only clubs at nearby Fort Knox, much to the displeasure of African-American officers. Another irritant was a professional one for African-American officers. They observed a steady flow of white officers through the command positions of the group and squadrons; these officers stayed just long enough to be "promotable" before transferring out at their new rank. This seemed to take about four months. In an extreme example, 22-year-old Robert Mattern was promoted to captain, transferred into squadron command in the 477th days later, and left a month later as a major. He was replaced by another white officer. Meanwhile, no Tuskegee Airmen held command. On 15 March 1945, the 477th was transferred to Freeman Field, near Seymour, Indiana. The white population of Freeman Field was 250 officers and 600 enlisted men. Superimposed on it were 400 African-American officers and 2,500 enlisted men of the 477th and its associated units. Freeman Field had a firing range, usable runways, and other amenities useful for training. African-American airmen worked in proximity with white ones; both lived in a public housing project adjacent to the base. Colonel Selway turned the noncommissioned officers out of their club and turned it into a second officers' club. He then classified all white personnel as cadre and all African-Americans as trainees. One officers' club became the cadre's club. The old Non-Commissioned Officers Club, promptly sarcastically dubbed "Uncle Tom's Cabin", became the trainees' officers club. At least four of the trainees had flown combat in Europe as fighter pilots and had about four years in service. Four others had completed training as pilots, bombardiers and navigators and may have been the only triply qualified officers in the entire Air Corps. Several of the Tuskegee Airmen had logged over 900 flight hours by this time. Nevertheless, by Colonel Selway's fiat, they were trainees. Off base was no better; many businesses in Seymour would not serve African-Americans. A local laundry would not wash their clothes and yet willingly laundered those of captured German soldiers. In early April 1945, the 118th Base Unit transferred in from Godman Field; its African-American personnel held orders that specified they were base cadre, not trainees. On 5 April, officers of the 477th peaceably tried to enter the whites-only officer's club. Selway had been tipped off by a phone call and had the assistant provost marshal and base billeting manager stationed at the door to refuse the 477th officers' entry. The latter, a major, ordered them to leave and took their names as a means of arresting them when they refused. It was the beginning of the Freeman Field Mutiny.  In the wake of the Freeman Field Mutiny, the 616th and 619th were disbanded and the returned 99th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the 477th on 22 June 1945; it was redesignated the 477th Composite Group as a result. On 1 July 1945, Colonel Robert Selway was relieved of the Group's command; he was replaced by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr. A complete sweep of Selway's white staff followed, with all vacated jobs filled by African-American officers. The war ended before the 477th Composite Group could get into action. The 618th Bombardment Squadron was disbanded on 8 October 1945. On 13 March 1946, the two-squadron group, supported by the 602nd Engineer Squadron (later renamed 602nd Air Engineer Squadron), the 118th Base Unit, and a band, moved to its final station, Lockbourne Field. The 617th Bombardment Squadron and the 99th Fighter Squadron disbanded on 1 July 1947, ending the 477th Composite Group. It was reorganized as the 332nd Fighter Wing. War accomplishmentsOffice of War Information posterIn all, 992 pilots were trained in Tuskegee from 1941 to 1946. 355 were deployed overseas, and 84 lost their lives.[77] The toll included 68 pilots killed in action or accidents, 12 killed in training and non-combat missions and 32 captured as prisoners of war. The Tuskegee Airmen were credited by higher commands with the following accomplishments: 1578 combat missions, 1267 for the Twelfth Air Force; 311 for the Fifteenth Air Force 179 bomber escort missions,[49] with a good record of protection,[79] losing bombers on only seven missions and a total of only 27, compared to an average of 46 among other 15th Air Force P-51 groups 112 enemy aircraft destroyed in the air, another 150 on the ground[49] and 148 damaged. This included three Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters shot down 950 rail cars, trucks and other motor vehicles destroyed (over 600 rail cars) One torpedo boat put out of action. TA22 was an Italian World War I-era destroyer (Giuseppe Missori), that had been seized by the Germans and put into service. It was attacked on 25 June 1944, and damaged so severely she was never repaired. She was decommissioned on 8 November 1944, and finally scuttled on 5 February 1945. 40 boats and barges destroyed Awards and decorations included: Three Distinguished Unit Citations: 99th Pursuit Squadron: 30 May – 11 June 1943, for actions over Sicily. 99th Fighter Squadron: 12–14 May 1944: for successful airstrikes against Monte Cassino, Italy. The first two Distinguished Unit Citations received by the 99th Fighter Squadron were awarded to the groups to which the squadron was attached. At the time, when a group received the honor, it was shared with the squadrons that were assigned or attached to the group. 332nd Fighter Group (and its 99th, 100th, and 301st Fighter Squadrons): 24 March 1945: for a bomber escort mission to Berlin, during which pilots of the 100th FS shot down three enemy Me 262 jets. The 302nd Fighter Squadron did not receive this award as it had been disbanded on 6 March 1945. At least one Silver Star 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses to 95 Airmen; Captain William A. Campbell was awarded two. 14 Bronze Stars 744 Air Medals At least 60 Purple Hearts

Three Art Prints of the Famed Tuskegee Airmen, one on canvas white the other on heavy card stock. Excellent limited edition color print 'On Target' by artist A. Ric Druet, Framed measuring 25 1/2 x 31 in., no. 804/1500, depicts two American Mustang fighters of the 99th Fighter Squadron flying in flight, signed in pencil at bottom by the artist and eight 'Tuskegee Airmen', including HOWARD BAUGH, BILL CAMPBELL, CHUCK DRYDEN, BEN DAVIS, LOUIS PURNELL, BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, LEMUEL CURTISS and CURTIS ROBINSON. Fine condition. 2) The Tuskegee Airmen by Larry Selman framed measuring 19 X 35 inches and is signed by the artist. 3) 3) Red Tail Fury by A. Ric Druet, Framed measuring 25 1/2 X 29 1/2 inches and is signed by Captain Carl E. Cary, Lt. Col. Walter M. Downs, Lt. Col. Alexander Jefferson, Captain Harold E. Sawyer and Capt. Harry T. Stewart Jr. The Tuskegee Airmen were dedicated, determined young men who enlisted to become America's first black military airmen, at a time when there were many people who thought that black men lacked intelligence, skill, courage and patriotism. They came from every section of the country, with large numbers coming from New York City, Washington, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia and Detroit. Each one possessed a strong personal desire to serve the United States of America at the best of his ability. Those who possessed the physical and mental qualifications were accepted as aviation cadets to be trained initially as single-engine pilots and later to be either twin-engine pilots, navigators or bombardiers. Most were college graduates or undergraduates. Others demonstrated their academic qualifications through comprehensive entrance examinations. The black airmen who became single-engine or multi-engine pilots were trained at Tuskegee Army Air Field (TAAF) in Tuskegee Alabama. The first aviation cadet class began in July 1941 and completed training nine months later in March 1942. Thirteen started in the first class. Five successfully completed the training, one of them being Captain Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a West Point Academy graduate. The other four were commissioned second lieutenants, and all five received Army Air Corps silver pilot wings. The outstanding record of black airmen in World War II was accomplished by men whose names will forever live in hallowed memory. Each one accepted the challenge, proudly displayed his skill and determination while suppressing internal-rage from humiliation and indignation caused by frequent experiences of racism and bigotry, at home and overseas. These airmen fought two wars-one against a military force overseas and the other against racism at home and abroad. By the end of the war, 992 men had graduated from pilot training at Tuskegee, 450 of whom were sent overseas for combat assignment. During the same period, approximately 150 lost their lives while in training or on combat flights. 2023-1939 2023-2060 2023-1793.

These original artist renderings are from the 1930's and early 1940's and were the proof designs for the unit's themselves. They are all on heavy card stock measuring 11 X 14 inches and complete original period proofs of the units to include 1) USS ENTERPRISE SHIP INSIGNIA CIRCA 1938. USS Enterprise (CV-6) was a Yorktown-class carrier built for the United States Navy during the 1930s. She was the seventh U.S. Navy vessel of that name. Colloquially called "The Big E", she was the sixth aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. Launched in 1936, she was the only Yorktown-class and one of only three American carriers commissioned before World War II to survive the war (the others being Saratoga and Ranger). She participated in more major actions of the war against Japan than any other United States ship. These actions included the attack on Pearl Harbor — 18 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers of her air group arrived over the harbor during the attack; seven were shot down with eight airmen killed and two wounded, making her the only American aircraft carrier with men at Pearl Harbor during the attack and the first to sustain casualties during the Pacific War — the Battle of Midway, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, various other air-sea engagements during the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Enterprise earned 20 battle stars, the most for any U.S. warship in World War II, and was the most decorated U.S. ship of World War II. She was also the first American ship to sink a full-sized enemy warship after the Pacific War had been declared when her aircraft sank the Japanese submarine I-70 on 10 December 1941. On three occasions during the war, the Japanese announced that she had been sunk in battle, inspiring her nickname "The Grey Ghost". By the end of the war, her planes and guns had downed 911 enemy planes, sunk 71 ships, and damaged or destroyed 192 more. Despite efforts made by the public after the war to turn Enterprise into a museum ship, Enterprise was ultimately scrapped from 1958 to 1960. 2) SCOUT SQUADRON 72 CENTAUR VAMPIRES UNIT INSIGNIA.  VS-72 Deployments 28. June 1940 - 25. July 1940 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 21. August 1940 - 28. August 1940 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 12. October 1940 - 26. November 1940 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, January 1941 - 8 March 1941 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 26. April 1941 - 6. June 1941 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 20. June 1941 - 13. July 1941 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 28. July 1941 - 14. August 1941 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 22. August 1941 - 20. October 1941 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, October 1941 - 23. December 1941 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 14. January 1942 - 21. March 1942 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 26. March 1942 - 3. April 1942 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, May 1942 - May 1942 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 6. June 1942 - 19. June 1942 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SB2U-2 72-S-0, 1. July 1942 - 15. September 1942 CV-7 USS Wasp Wasp Air Group SBD-3 72-S-0 3) VF-72 UNIT INSIGNIA. Fighting Squadron 72 or VF-72 was an aviation unit of the U.S. Navy, originally established as VF-7 on 1 July 1939, it was redesignated as VF-72 on 19 November 1940 and disestablished on 29 March 1943. Operational history: VF-7 was originally equipped with Grumman F2F and Grumman F3F aircraft. It was reequipped with the F4F-3 Wildcat in December 1940 and deployed as part of Carrier Air Group 7 (CVG-7) aboard the USS Wasp. From January to March 1942 VF-72 was deployed on USS Ranger in the Atlantic Fleet In April 1942, VF-72 was based ashore at Naval Station Norfolk and then transferred to the USS Wasp. In early June 1942, VF-72 had reequipped with the F4F-4 at NAS Alameda and from mid-June through July was shore-based at Naval Station Pearl Harbor. In August VF-72 was deployed on USS Hornet. Artist Thomas C. Lea III depicted VF-72's executive officer, Lt A. C. "Silver" Emerson in action during the Solomon Islands campaign in his painting "Defending the Ship." Following the sinking of the USS Hornet on 26 October 1942, VF-72 was deployed on USS Nassau from January until March 1943 when it was disembarked at Pearl Harbour.4) VP-81 UNIT INSIGNIA. The CNO-approved insignia for VP-81 was the Polar Bear, often known as the patrolman of the north. It is indigenous to the northern regions and was symbolic of the offensive power of a patrol squadron. In the design, the bear stood on a pinnacle that represented Mt. Edgecombe, the volcanic cone just outside Sitka Harbor. Above the bear was the constellation of Ursa Major pointing to an accentuated Polaris. The squadron retained the insignia after its redesignation from VP-81 to VPB-121. Chronology of Significant Events: 21 Dec 1941: The squadron claimed a U-boat sunk off the coast of Key West, Fla. Postwar examination of enemy records does not indicate any losses in that locality on that date. 1 Sep 1942: VP-81 was transferred to NAS San Juan, P.R., under the operational control of PatWing-12. The squadron conducted ASW searches in the Caribbean area. 1 Jun 1943: The squadron was relocated to NAS Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, under the operational control of FAW-11. ASW patrols, night anti shipping patrols and convoy coverage were the primary duties of VP-81. 1 Aug 1943: VP-81 was transferred to NAS San Diego, Calif., in preparation for the transpac to the South Pacific. New amphibious models of the Catalina, PBY-5As, were assigned as replacement aircraft while the squadron underwent additional training for its upcoming combat assignment. 1 Nov 1943: The squadron flew its transpac to NAS Kaneohe, Hawaii, where additional training was given before further reassignment to the combat zone. 25 Nov 1943: VP-81 was transferred to Henderson Field, Guadalcanal. The squadron relieved VP-54. Its duties consisted of search missions of the Saint George Channel, providing convoy coverage and nighttime Black Cat operations. The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-1. 3 Feb 1944: VP-81 was transferred to Munda, New Georgia Islands. Black Cat operations were conducted in conjunction with nearby PT-boat squadrons. Bombing strikes against land-based installations were carried out in the Choiseul Bay area. 7 May 1944: VP-81 was relocated to Piva Yoke, Bougainville, where Black Cat nighttime operations were conducted against enemy shipping. 1 Jul 1944: The squadron returned to NAS San Diego, Calif. 8 Sep 1944: Upon return from leave, squadron aircrews were reassigned PB4Y-1 Liberators in place of Catalinas. Ground school and flight training took place at NAAF Camp Kearney, Calif. The squadron came under the operational control of FAW-14. Training had progressed to the advanced syllabus at NAS Brown Field, Calif., in preparation for the upcoming second combat tour in the Pacific. While in training, the squadron was assigned the PB4Y-2 Privateer in place of the older Liberator aircraft. 6 Jan 1945: VPB-121 flew its transpac to NAS Kaneohe, Hawaii, where the squadron began intensive training in radar navigation. Operational search patrols in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands were also assigned as part of the training. 26 Jan–1 Feb 1945: The squadron was relocated to Midway Island and put on barrier patrols and daytime ASW patrols, returning to NAS Kaneohe on 1 February 1945. 1 Mar–1 Apr 1945: VPB-121 was transferred to Eniwetok. On 7 March 1945, the squadron conducted its first strikes on land installations at Wake Island. The missions continued through 1 April, when Ponape was added to the target list. 3 Jul 1945: VPB-121 was transferred to the island of Tinian. On 8 July a detachment was assigned to Iwo Jima. 3 Aug 1945: Two Privateers from the Iwo Jima detachment spotted a downed P-51 pilot floating near the enemy-occupied island of Sagami Nada. While directing an American submarine to the location, the two aircraft sank one enemy ship that tried to interfere, and downed three Japanese fighters. Lieutenant Ralph D. Ettinger and his crew accounted for two of  the eight fighters that attacked the Privateers. For his bravery in leading the defense against superior enemy forces for over 40 minutes of constant action, Ettinger was awarded the Navy Cross. Lieutenant Commander Raymond J. Pflum, commanding officer of VPB-121, was the pilot of the second aircraft. His crew shot down one of the enemy fighters and was responsible for sinking the Japanese cargo vessel. He was also awarded the Navy Cross. 7 Aug 1945: Two of the squadron’s Privateers were caught by five enemy fighters in the area of Sagami Wan. One enemy aircraft was shot down and one of the squadron PB4Y-2 bombers was shot down in flames, with no survivors. 1 Sep 1945: VPB-121 was assigned weather flights out of Iwo Jima until the end of September when the squadron was relieved for return to NAS San Diego, Calif.. 1 Jun 1946: VPB-121 was disestablished at NAS San Diego, Calif. 5) VMJ-252 UNIT INSIGNIA. The squadron was formed 1 June 1928, and designated Headquarters Detachment 7M in San Diego, California. The squadron was re-designated several times in the next decade. It received the designation Marine Utility Squadron 252 (VMJ-252) on 1 July 1941, and Marine Transport Squadron 252 (VMR-252) on 1 April 1945. World War II: The squadron was heavily involved during World War II and participated in the following campaigns: Pearl Harbor, Marianas, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Following the war, the squadron relocated to MCAS Cherry Point and was reassigned to Marine Aircraft Group 21.

Important Top Secret Archive of the Neptune Phase of Operation Overlord, the Allied Invasion of Europe, June 6, 1944, This lot consists of OMAHA BEACH WEST (Vierville-sur-Mer). This map was the operational map of D-day and marked TOP SECRET BIGOT. MINT. The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it is the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the liberation of France, and the rest of Western Europe, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front. Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial military deception, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. The weather on the day selected for D-Day was not ideal, and the operation had to be delayed 24 hours; a further postponement would have meant a delay of at least two weeks, as the planners had requirements for the phase of the moon, the tides, and time of day, that meant only a few days each month were deemed suitable. Adolf Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower in command of Allied forces. The invasion began shortly after midnight on the morning of June the 6th with extensive aerial and naval bombardment as well as an airborne assault—the landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops. The early morning aerial assault was soon followed by Allied amphibious landings on the coast of France ca. 06:30 AM. The target 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches, and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, metal tripods, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks. The Allies failed to achieve any of their major goals beyond the establishment of the beachheads on the first day. Carentan, Saint-Lô, and Bayeux remained in German hands, and Caen, a major objective, was not captured until 21 July. Only two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day, and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June; however, the operation gained a foothold that the Allies gradually expanded over the coming months. German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were documented for at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.

Important Top Secret Archive of the Neptune Phase of Operation Overlord, the Allied Invasion of Europe, June 6, 1944. This lot consists of OMAHA BEACH EAST (Colleville-sur-Mer) and is the May 12th overprint. This map was the operational map of D-day and marked TOP SECRET BIGOT. MINT. The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it is the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the liberation of France, and the rest of Western Europe, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the Western Front. Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial military deception, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. The weather on the day selected for D-Day was not ideal, and the operation had to be delayed 24 hours; a further postponement would have meant a delay of at least two weeks, as the planners had requirements for the phase of the moon, the tides, and time of day, that meant only a few days each month were deemed suitable. Adolf Hitler placed Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an invasion. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower in command of Allied forces. The invasion began shortly after midnight on the morning of June the 6th with extensive aerial and naval bombardment as well as an airborne assault—the landing of 24,000 American, British, and Canadian airborne troops. The early morning aerial assault was soon followed by Allied amphibious landings on the coast of France ca. 06:30 AM. The target 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches, and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, metal tripods, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. Casualties were heaviest at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in house-to-house fighting, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks. The Allies failed to achieve any of their major goals beyond the establishment of the beachheads on the first day. Carentan, Saint-Lô, and Bayeux remained in German hands, and Caen, a major objective, was not captured until 21 July. Only two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day, and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June; however, the operation gained a foothold that the Allies gradually expanded over the coming months. German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were documented for at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.

Named Lieutenant Colonel's Fixed Bale Helmet  with Firestone Liner. Helmet is named twice to then Major Roberts and Lt. Colonel Roberts in the liner using tape. Liner shows good Combat using and just has the look you would want to see in a Combat Helmet. Both bales have been bent down and I didnt try to bend them back in fear of them snapping. The shell has a Leadership Strip to the reverse and there was an insignia it looks like to the front but had been removed. Excellent. At the entry of the United States into World War I, the US military was without a combat helmet; initially US troops arriving in Europe were issued with British Mkl helmets, and those integrated with French units were given French M15 Adrian helmets. The United States quickly commenced manufacture of a version of the Mk I, designated the M1917, producing some 2,700,000 by the end of hostilities. At that point, the shortcomings of the M1917, which lacked balance and protection of the head from lateral fire, resulted in a project to produce a better helmet which would also have a distinctively American appearance. Between 1919 and 1920, a number of new designs of helmets were tested by the Infantry Board in comparative trials along with the M1917 and helmets of other armies. One of those designs, the Helmet Number 5A, was selected for further study. This was an improved version of the Helmet Number 5, developed in 1917 and 1918 by Bashford Dean, the curator of arms and armor at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which had been rejected during the war because of its supposed resemblance to the German stahlhelm. Eventually, tests held at Fort Benning between 1924 and 1926 showed that although the 5A offered better side protection than the M1917, it was more easily penetrated from above and in some circumstances the shape of the helmet could interfere with properly holding and firing a rifle. Further ballistic tests at the Aberdeen Proving Ground resulted in the decision to retain the M1917 in 1934, which was then given a redesigned leather cradle and designated the M1917A1 or "Kelly" helmet. In 1940, with World War II raging on in Europe and Asia, it seemed likely that the United States might soon be at war again. The Infantry Board resurrected the quest to find a better type of helmet, since the ongoing conflict had shown that the M1917, designed to protect men standing in trenches from falling shell splinters and shrapnel, would be inadequate on the modern battlefield. The board reported: Research indicates that the ideal shaped helmet is one with a dome-shaped top and generally following the contour of the head, allowing sufficient uniform headspace for indentations, extending down in the front to cover the forehead without impairing necessary vision, extending down on the sides as far as possible without interfering with the use of the rifle or other weapons, extending down the back of the head as far as possible without permitting the back of the neck to push the helmet forward on the head when the wearer assumes the prone position, to have the frontal plate visor and to have the sides and rear slightly flanged outward to cause rain to clear the collar opening.  Accordingly, the board, under the direction of Brigadier General Courtney Hodges, took the M1917 shell as the basis of the new prototype, trimmed off the brim and added a visor and skirt-like extensions to protect the back and sides of the wearer's head. Rejecting the conventional systems of cradles, the new helmet was given a Riddell type liner and suspension system, based on the contemporary style of football helmet, with an adjustable strap for the nape of the neck to prevent the helmet from rocking. The resulting prototype was designated the TS-3, and the McCord Radiator Company manufactured the first examples from Hadfield steel. In tests, they were found to be able to resist a .45 ACP pistol bullet fired at point-blank range, exceeding the initial specification. The TS-3 was given official approval on June 6, 1941 and was designated "Helmet, Steel, M1". Full scale production commenced almost immediately.

M3 Imperial fighting knife with an excellent condition blade. Stamped on the blade, "U.S. M3 IMPERIAL". The stacked leather washer grips show wear and the pommel cap has some light surface rust. The M6 scabbard is stamped " U.S. M6 Milsco 1943" above a stamped ordnance bomb. This scabbard is in excellent condition with minor crazing. The leather is still supple. A great example was issued to FSSF (First Special Services Forces) and used by Paratroopers at Normandy. 1235-241

A tan-colored cotton jump blouse, under whose fly front closure is a "Talon" zipper. A 17cm tall zipper may also be found under a secondary fly between the lay-down collar and the top of the left breast pocket. Two snap buttons are to the throat. Each saddlebag breast pocket has a double snap button closure to their angled flaps which mate with one of two sets of two studs to their pleated fronts. Identical, although larger, pockets are to each hip. The breast pocket also each have an opening to the top of their flaps which allows a pen or pencil to be slipped inside a narrow secondary pocket sewn to the interior. Integral shoulder straps are snap buttoned near its lay-down collar. Double snaps are to each of its cuffs. Four ventilation holes are under each armpit. Pleats run from the shoulders to the waistband to the center and either side of the back. Three vertical belt loops along the waistband accept a matching material belt that is permanently affixed. At one point there was an 82nd Airborne patch sewn to the shoulder but has long since been removed. 1235-415

Interesting 101st Airborne hat worn at Jim Quattro at his wedding day and later to reunions. This Top Hat shows its age but applied to the sides are 1) Pair of Jump Wings on cloth 2) AIRBORNE tab 3) Enlisted Overseas Cap Device 4) 1 piece 101st Airborne SSI 5) Canadian Paratrooper Breast Badge 6) Parachute Rigger Patch 7) British Paratrooper Jump Wings and lastly the Garter Belt from his wedding.  The cap is named to the interior to Jim Quattro along with his phone number, I'm sure so if lost it could be returned to him. World War II: On 30 July 1942, the Army Ground Forces ordered the activation of two airborne divisions by 15 August 1942. The 82nd Division, an Organized Reserve division ordered into active military service in March 1942, was ordered to provide cadre to the 101st Division, the other division selected for the project, for all elements except parachute infantry. As part of the reorganization of the 101st Division as an airborne division, the unit was disbanded in the Organized Reserve on 15 August 1942 and reconstituted and reactivated in the Army of the United States. On 19 August 1942, its first commander, Major General William C. Lee, read out General Order Number 5:  The 101st Airborne Division, which was activated on 16 August 1942, at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, has no history, but it has a rendezvous with destiny. Due to the nature of our armament, and the tactics in which we shall perfect ourselves, we shall be called upon to carry out operations of far-reaching military importance and we shall habitually go into action when the need is immediate and extreme. Let me call your attention to the fact that our badge is the great American eagle. This is a fitting emblem for a division that will crush its enemies by falling upon them like a thunderbolt from the skies. The history we shall make, the record of high achievement we hope to write in the annals of the American Army and the American people, depends wholly and completely on the men of this division. Each individual, each officer and each enlisted man, must therefore regard himself as a necessary part of a complex and powerful instrument for the overcoming of the enemies of the nation. Each, in his own job, must realize that he is not only a means, but an indispensable means for obtaining the goal of victory. It is, therefore, not too much to say that the future itself, in whose molding we expect to have our share, is in the hands of the soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division. D-Day: The pathfinders of the 101st Airborne Division led the way on D-Day in the night drop before the invasion. They left from RAF North Witham, having trained there with the 82nd Airborne Division. These night drops caused a lot of trouble for the gliders. Many crashed and equipment and personnel were lost.  The 101st Airborne Division's objectives were to secure the four causeway exits behind Utah Beach between Saint-Martin-de-Varreville and Pouppeville to ensure the exit route for the 4th Infantry Division from the beach later that morning. The other objectives included destroying a German coastal artillery battery at Saint-Martin-de-Varreville, capturing buildings nearby at Mézières believed used as barracks and a command post for the artillery battery, capturing the Douve river lock at La Barquette (opposite Carentan), capturing two footbridges spanning the Douve at La Porte opposite Brévands, destroying the highway bridges over the Douve at Saint-Côme-du-Mont, and securing the Douve River valley. Their secondary mission was to protect the southern flank of VII Corps. They destroyed two bridges along the Carentan highway and a railroad bridge just west of it. They gained control of La Barquette locks, and established a bridgehead over the Douve which was located north-east of Carentan. In the process, units also disrupted German communications, established roadblocks to hamper the movement of German reinforcements, established a defensive line between the beachhead and Valognes, cleared the area of the drop zones to the unit boundary at Les Forges, and linked up with the 82nd Airborne Division. The paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division jumped between 00:48 and 01:40 British Double Summer Time of 6 June. The first wave, inbound to Drop Zone A (the northernmost), was not surprised by the cloud bank and maintained formation, but navigating errors and a lack of Eureka signal caused the first error. Although the 2nd Battalion, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment was dropped as a compact unit, it jumped on the wrong drop zone, while its commander, Lt. Col. Steve A. Chappuis, came down virtually alone on the correct drop zone. Chappuis and his paratrooper captured the coastal battery soon after assembling, and found that it had already been dismantled after an air raid. Most of the remainder of the 502nd (70 of 80 paratroopers) dropped in a disorganized pattern around the impromptu drop zone set up by the pathfinders near the beach. The battalion commanders of the 1st and 3rd Battalions, Lt. Col. Patrick J. Cassidy (1/502) and Lt. Col. Robert G. Cole (3/502), took charge of small groups and accomplished all of their D-Day missions. Cassidy's group took Saint Martin-de-Varreville by 06:30, sent a patrol under S/Sgt. Harrison C. Summers to seize the "XYZ" objective, a barracks at Mésières, and set up a thin line of defense from Foucarville to Beuzeville. Cole's group moved during the night from near Sainte-Mère-Église to the Varreville battery, then continued on and captured Exit 3 at 07:30. They held the position during the morning until relieved by troops moving inland from Utah Beach. Both commanders found Exit 4 covered by German artillery fire and Cassidy recommended to the 4th Infantry Division that it not use the exit. The division's parachute artillery did not fare nearly as well. Its drop was one of the worst of the operation, losing all but one howitzer and dropping all but two of 54 loads four to twenty miles (32 km) to the north, where most ultimately became casualties.Drop Zone Charlie: The second wave, assigned to drop the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) on Drop Zone C 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Sainte Marie-du-Mont, was badly dispersed by the clouds, then subjected to intense anti-aircraft fire for 10 miles (16 km). Three of the 81 C-47s were lost before or during the jump. One, piloted by 1st Lt. Marvin F. Muir of the 439th Troop Carrier Group, caught fire. Muir held the aircraft steady while the stick jumped, then died when the plane crashed immediately afterward, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Despite the opposition, the 506th's 1st Battalion (the original division reserve) was dropped accurately on DZ C, landing two-thirds of its sticks and regimental commander Col. Robert F. Sink on or within a mile of the drop zone. Most of the 2nd Battalion had jumped too far west, near Sainte-Mère-Église. They eventually assembled near Foucarville at the northern edge of the 101st Airborne's objective area. It fought its way to the hamlet of Le Grand Chemin near the Houdienville causeway by mid-afternoon, but found that the 4th Division had already seized the exit hours before. The 3rd Battalion of the 501st PIR, led by Lt. Col. Julian J. Ewell (3/501), also assigned to jump onto DZ C, was more scattered, but took over the mission of securing the exits. An ad hoc company-sized team that included division commander Maj. Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor reached the Pouppeville exit at 06:00. After a six-hour house-clearing battle with elements of the German 1058th Grenadier Regiment, the group secured the exit shortly before 4th Division troops arrived to link up. Drop Zone Dog: The third wave also encountered severe flak, losing six aircraft. The troop carriers still made an accurate drop, placing 94 of 132 sticks on or close to the drop zone, but part of the DZ was covered by pre-registered German machine gun and mortar fire that inflicted heavy casualties before many troops could get out of their chutes. Among the killed were two of the three battalion commanders and the executive officer of the 3/506th. The surviving battalion commander, Lt. Col. Robert A. Ballard, gathered 250 troopers and advanced toward Saint Côme-du-Mont to complete his mission of destroying the highway bridges over the Douve. Less than half a mile from his objective at les Droueries he was stopped by elements of battalion III/1058 Grenadier-Rgt. Another group of 50 men, assembled by the regimental S-3, Major Richard J. Allen, attacked the same area from the east at Basse-Addeville but was also pinned down. The commander of the 501st PIR, Col. Howard R. Johnson, collected 150 troops and captured the main objective, la Barquette lock, by 04:00. After establishing defensive positions, Col. Johnson went back to the DZ and assembled another 100 men, including Allen's group, to reinforce the bridgehead. Despite naval gunfire support from the cruiser Quincy, Ballard's battalion was unable to take Saint Côme-du-Mont or join Col. Johnson.The S-3 officer of the 3rd Battalion 506th PIR, Capt. Charles G. Shettle, put together a platoon and achieved another objective by seizing two foot bridges near la Porte at 04:30 and crossed to the east bank. When their ammunition drew low after knocking out several machine gun emplacements, the small force withdrew to the west bank. It doubled in size overnight as stragglers came in and repulsed a German probe across the bridges. Other actions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two other noteworthy actions took place near Sainte Marie-du-Mont by units of the 506th PIR, both of which involved the seizure and destruction of batteries of 105 mm guns of the German III Battalion-191st Artillery Regiment. During the morning, a small patrol of troopers from Company E 506th PIR under (then) 1st Lt. Richard D. Winters overwhelmed a force 3–4 times its size and destroyed four guns at a farm called Brécourt Manor, for which Winters was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the assault troops given Silver and Bronze Stars. This was later documented in the book Band of Brothers and the miniseries of the same name. Around noon, while reconnoitering the area by jeep, Col. Sink received word that a second battery of four guns had been discovered at Holdy, a manor between his CP and Sainte Marie-du-Mont, and the defenders had a force of some 70 paratroopers pinned down. Capt. Lloyd E. Patch (Headquarters Company 1st/506th) and Capt. Knut H. Raudstein (Company C 506th PIR) led an additional 70 troops to Holdy and enveloped the position. The combined force then continued on to seize Sainte Marie-du-Mont. A platoon of the 502nd PIR, left to hold the battery, destroyed three of the four guns before Col. Sink could send four jeeps to save them for the 101st's use. At the end of D-Day, Gen. Taylor and his assistant division commander (ADC) Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe returned from their foray at Pouppeville. Taylor had control of approximately 2,500 of his 6,600 men, most of whom were in the vicinity of the 506th CP at Culoville, with the thin defense line west of Saint Germain-du-Varreville, or the division reserve at Blosville. Two glider airlifts had brought in scant reinforcements and had resulted in the death of his other ADC, Brig. Gen. Don F. Pratt, his neck broken on impact. The 327th Glider Infantry had come across Utah Beach but only its third battalion (1st Battalion 401st GIR) had reported in. The 101st Airborne Division had accomplished its most important mission of securing the beach exits, but had a tenuous hold on positions near the Douve River, over which the Germans could still move armored units. The three groups clustered there had tenuous contact with each other but none with the rest of the division. A shortage of radio equipment caused by losses during the drops exacerbated his control problems. Taylor made destroying the Douve bridges the division's top priority and delegated the task to Sink, who issued orders for the 1st Battalion 401st Glider Infantry to lead three battalions south the next morning. As the regular troops moved in from the coast and strengthened the paratrooper positions, many were relieved and sent to the rear to organize for the next big paratroop operation.Operation Market Garden: On 17 September 1944, the 101st Airborne Division became part of XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, part of the First Allied Airborne Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton. The division took part in Operation Market Garden (17–25 September 1944), an unsuccessful Allied military operation under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, to capture Dutch bridges over the Rhine. It was fought in the Netherlands, and is the largest airborne operation of any war. The plan, as outlined by Montgomery, required the seizure by airborne forces of several bridges on the Highway 69 across the Maas (Meuse River) and two arms of the Rhine (the Waal and the Lower Rhine), as well as several smaller canals and tributaries. Crossing these bridges would allow British armoured units to outflank the Siegfried Line, advance into northern Germany, and encircle the Ruhr, Germany's industrial heartland, thus ending the war. This meant the large-scale use of Allied airborne forces, including both the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, along with the British 1st Airborne Division. The operation was initially successful. Several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen were captured by the 82nd and 101st. The 101st met little resistance and captured most of their initial objectives by the end of 17 September. However, the demolition of the division's primary objective, a bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son, delayed the capture of the main road bridge over the Maas until 20 September. Faced with the loss of the bridge at Son, the 101st unsuccessfully attempted to capture a similar bridge a few kilometers away at Best but found the approach blocked. Other units continued moving to the south and eventually reached the northern end of Eindhoven. At 06:00 on 18 September, the Irish Guards of the British Guards Armoured Division resumed the advance while facing determined resistance from German infantry and tanks. Around noon the 101st Airborne were met by the lead reconnaissance units from British XXX Corps. At 16:00 radio contact alerted the main force that the Son bridge had been destroyed and requested that a replacement Bailey bridge be brought forward. By nightfall the Guards Armoured Division had established itself in the Eindhoven area however transport columns were jammed in the packed streets of the town and were subjected to German aerial bombardment during the night. XXX Corps engineers, supported by German prisoners of war, constructed a class 40 Bailey bridge within 10 hours across the Wilhelmina Canal. The longest sector of the highway secured by the 101st Airborne Division later became known as "Hell's Highway". The 101st then came up to the Nijmegen salient and relieved the British 43rd Wessex Division to defend against the German counter offensive in early October.Battle of the Bulge: The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium. Germany's planned goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp, Belgium in the process, and then proceeding to encircle and destroy the entire British 21st Army Group and all 12th U.S. Army Group units north of the German advance, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers' favor as a result. In order to reach Antwerp before the Allies could regroup and bring their superior air power to bear, German mechanized forces had to seize all the major highways through eastern Belgium. Because all seven of the main roads in the Ardennes converged on the small town of Bastogne, control of its crossroads was vital to the success or failure of the German attack. Despite several notable signs in the weeks preceding the attack, the Ardennes Offensive achieved virtually complete surprise. By the end of the second day of battle, it became apparent that the 28th Infantry Division was near collapse. Maj. Gen. Troy H. Middleton, commander of VIII Corps, ordered part of his armored reserve, Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division to Bastogne. Meanwhile, Gen. Eisenhower ordered forward the SHAEF reserve, composed of the 82nd and 101st Airborne, which were stationed at Reims. Both divisions were alerted on the evening of 17 December, and not having organic transport, began arranging trucks for movement forward, the weather conditions being unfit for a parachute drop. The 82nd, longer in reserve and thus better re-equipped, moved out first. The 101st left Camp Mourmelon on the afternoon of 18 December, with the order of march the division artillery, division trains, 501st PIR, 506th PIR, 502nd PIR, and 327th Glider Infantry. Much of the convoy was conducted at night in drizzle and sleet, using headlights despite threat of air attack to speed the movement, and at one point the combined column stretched from Bouillon, Belgium, back to Reims. The 101st Airborne was routed to Bastogne, located 107 miles (172 km) away on a 1,463 feet (446 m) high plateau, while the 82nd Airborne took up positions further north to block the critical advance of Kampfgruppe Peiper toward Werbomont, Belgium. The 705th Tank Destroyer Battalion, in reserve sixty miles to the north, was ordered to Bastogne to provide anti-tank support to the armorless 101st Airborne on the 18th and arrived late the next evening. The first elements of the 501st PIR entered the division assembly area four miles west of Bastogne shortly after midnight of 19 December, and by 09:00 the entire division had arrived. By 21 December, the German forces had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by both the 101st Airborne and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured on 19 December. CCB of the 10th Armored Division, severely weakened by losses in delaying the German advance, formed a mobile "fire brigade" of 40 light and medium tanks (including survivors of CCR of the 9th Armored Division, which had been destroyed while delaying the Germans, and eight replacement tanks found unassigned in Bastogne). Three artillery battalions, including the all-black 969th Field Artillery Battalion, were commandeered by the 101st and formed a temporary artillery group. Each had 12 155 mm howitzers, providing the division with heavy firepower in all directions restricted only by its limited ammunition supply (By 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day.) The weather cleared the next day, however, and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days. Despite several determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Generalleutnant Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When General Anthony McAuliffe, now acting commander of the 101st, was told, he commented : "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that there should be a reply to the German demand. One officer (Harry W. O. Kinnard, then a lieutenant colonel) recommended that McAuliffe's reply would be "tough to beat". Thus, McAuliffe wrote on the paper delivered to the Germans: "NUTS!" That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies. Both of the two panzer divisions of the XLVII Panzer Corps moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only one panzergrenadier regiment of the Panzer-Lehr-Division to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received additional armor and panzergrenadier reinforcements on Christmas Eve to prepare for its final assault, to take place on Christmas Day. Because it lacked sufficient armor and troops and the 26th VG Division was near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzer Corps concentrated the assault on several individual locations on the west side of perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by German tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and virtually all of the German tanks involved were destroyed. The next day, 26 December, the spearhead of General George S. Patton's U.S. Third Army relief force, the 4th Armored Division, broke through the German lines and opened a corridor to Bastogne, ending the siege. The division got the nickname "The Battered Bastards of the Bastion of Bastogne". With the encirclement broken, the men of the 101st expected to be relieved, but were given orders to resume the offensive. The 506th attacked north and recaptured Recogne on 9 January 1945, the Bois des Corbeaux (Corbeaux Wood), to the right of Easy Company, on 10 January, and Foy on 13 January. The 327th attacked towards Bourcy, northeast of Bastogne, on 13 January and encountered stubborn resistance. The 101st Airborne Division faced the elite of the German military which included such units as 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, Führerbegleitbrigade, 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, and the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen. The 506th retook Noville on 15 January and Rachamps the next day. The 502nd reinforced the 327th, and the two regiments captured Bourcy on 17 January, pushing the Germans back to their point of advance on the day the division had arrived in Bastogne. The next day the 101st Airborne Division was relieved. Liberation of Kaufering: In April 1945, the 101st moved into the Rhineland and eventually reached the Bavarian Alps. As the 101st drove into Southern Germany they liberated Kaufering IV, one of the camps in the Kaufering complex. Kaufering IV had been designated as the sick camp where prisoners who could no longer work were sent. During the typhus epidemic of 1945 in Germany, Kaufering prisoners with typhus were sent there to die. Kaufering IV was located near the town of Hurlach, which the 12th Armored Division occupied on 27 April, with the 101st arriving the next day. The soldiers found over 500 dead inmates and the Army ordered the local townspeople to bury the dead.

Lot of rare WWII Marine Corps items to include 1) WWII US ARMY USMC BLUE ENAMELED CANTEEN WW2. WWII BLUE Enameled (Porcelain) Canteen Cup EXTREMELY SCARCE, ORIGINAL 1942 Great condition. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy Issued Marked U.S. L.F. & C 1942. Enameled (porcelain) canteen cups are very scarce on their own, However like the blue color enamel canteens, The Blue cups are extremely rare. Produced for only one year! There are a few minor chips. Excellent near mint. 2) WWII US M42 US BLACK PORCELAIN CANTEEN WW2.  A one quart capacity canteen. The black enameled steel canteen is slightly concave to its reverse and retains its flat, black "Bakelite" screw cap, attached between its top and a flange brazed to the base of the neck by a 4" metal chain. A brazing line may be seen running horizontally to the canteen. MINT!

This helmet is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. Very attractive WWII US Army Headquarters 3rd Armored Division Painted Helmet Liner by Seaman Paper Company. This hand painted liner is identified to Captain Soles and to each side of the liner is a green triangle with a red border and to the center HQ. 3d. ARMD. DIV. The liner's interior is in excellent condition with a full leather sweatband with his partial service number O-6933. Excellent. The liner came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Helmet was acquired.  Combat service: The first elements of the 3rd Armored saw combat on 29 June in France, with the division as a whole beginning combat operations on 9 July 1944. During this time, it was under the command of VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps First Army, but was later reassigned to the XIX Corps under the Ninth Army and the for the rest of the war. The division was the "spearhead" of the First Army through the Normandy Campaign, taking part in a number of engagements, most notably in the Battle of Saint-Lô, where it suffered significant casualties. After facing heavy fighting in the hedgerows and developing methods to overcome the vast thickets of brush and earth that constrained its mobility, the unit broke out at Marigny alongside the 1st Infantry Division and swung south to Mayenne. 3rd AD engineers and maintenance crews solved the problem of the Norman hedgerows by taking the large I-Beam invasion barriers from the beaches at Normandy and welding them on the fronts of Sherman tanks as large crossing rams. They would then hit the hedgerows at high speed, bursting through them without exposing the vulnerable underbellies of the tanks. The division was next ordered to help close the Argentan-Falaise Pocket containing the German Seventh Army, which it finished by 18 August near Putanges. Six days later, the outfit had sped through Courville and Chartres and was approaching the banks of the Seine River. On the night of 25 August 1944, the division began the crossing of the Seine; once completed, the 3rd moved across France, reaching the Belgian border on 2 September 1944. Liberated in the path of the division were Meaux, Soissons, Laon, Marle, Mons, Charleroi, Namur and Liège. The division cut off 40,000 Wehrmacht troops at Mons and captured 8,000 prisoners. Hurtgen and the Bulge: On 10 September 1944, the 3rd, now nicknamed the "Spearhead Division", fired what it claimed was the first American field artillery shell onto German soil of the war. Two days later, it passed the German border and soon breached the Siegfried Line after taking part in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. The 3rd Armored Division fought far north of the deepest German penetration during the Battle of the Bulge. The division worked its way south in an attack designed to help wipe out the bulge and bring First Army's line abreast of General George S. Patton's Third Army, which was fighting northward toward Houffalize. It severed a vital highway leading to St. Vith and later reached Lierneux, Belgium, where it halted to refit. Into the German heartland: After a month of rest, the division resumed its offensive to the east, and on 26 February, rolled back inside Germany. In the following weeks, the 3rd bolted across the Roer River and seized several towns, crossed the Erft, and at last broke through to the Rhine River to capture Cologne by 7 March. During the engagement in Cologne, a spectacular film was shot of a 3rd Division T-26E Pershing ("Eagle 7") defeating a German PzKPfW V "Panther" that caught the Pershing by surprise in the city streets on 6 March. Two weeks later, it crossed the Rhine at Honnef, a town south of Cologne. On 31 March, the commander of the division, Major General Maurice Rose, rounded a corner in his jeep and found himself face to face with a German tank. As he withdrew his pistol either to throw it to the ground or in an attempt to fight back, the young German tank commander, apparently misunderstanding Rose's intentions, shot and killed the general.  After Cologne, the division swept up Paderborn in its advance to shut the back door to the Ruhr Pocket. In April, the division crossed the Saale River north of Halle and sped on toward the Elbe River. On 11 April 1945, the 3rd Armored discovered the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. The division was the first to arrive on the scene, reporting back to headquarters that it had uncovered a large concentration camp near the town of Nordhausen. With help from the 104th Infantry Division, the 3rd immediately began transporting some 250 prisoners to nearby hospitals. The division's last major fighting in the war was the Battle of Dessau, which the division captured on 23 April 1945 after three days of combat. Following the action at Dessau, the division moved into corps reserve at Sangerhausen. Occupational duty near Langen was given to the division following V-E Day, a role it filled until inactivation on 10 November 1945. Casualties: The 3rd Armored Division suffered the following casualties: Total battle casualties: 9,243 Killed in action: 1,810 Wounded in action: 6,963 Missing in action: 104 Prisoner of war: 366 Enemy casualties: The division inflicted the following enemy casualties: Combat vehicles destroyed: 6,751 Prisoners of war: 76,720

This tanker helmet lot is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. 1) Early Vietnam Era Stitched MacGregor 100MH US Army Tanker Helmet with electronics and boom Mic. Helmet is in excellent condition.2) National Plastics UK NP9 Ballistic Helmet Size Small with internal harness. Helmet is in near mint condition and dated 1989. The helmets came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when these Helmets were acquired.

This tanker helmet is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. This complete Iraqi War US Trench Art Painted Helmet is a medium size and in excellent condition with all electronics. The exterior exhibits tan camo paint with a large bullseye to the front that says "Go For It!" and to the top "IRAQ 1991 KUWAIT" and to the rear "HEAVY E" The helmet came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired.

Stellar WWII 3rd Armored Division French Tankers Helmet and is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. This is a very difficult type of helmet to find, known as the Chars de Combat helmet or Armored vehicle helmet. Features a steel skull shell with rear visor and front leather brow pad. These helmets were issued to armored vehicle and tank crews in the French military before and during World War Two. The helmet features a black finish and to the front a Red Fox with a Spearhead and Spearhead, to the wearers left side the 3rd Armored Division patch and to the right Spearhead Insignia. The rear apron is also marked Spearhead. All the insignia and lettering is hand painted and to the period of WWII. Size is approximately a US 7 (56cm). Also in the lot is a copy of SPEARHEAD by Adam Makos. On the front cover of the book is a photo of a US Soldier Wearing the French Helmet. The book honors an unsung hero, Clarence Smoyer, who despite his hatred for violence, becomes the gunner of one of the first Pershing tanks in the European Theatre. Smoyer and his tank crew lead the American invasion of Nazi Germany. Smoyer, whose tank crew is instrumental to the Battle of Cologne, recounts his step-by-step moves in the battle, particularly, shooting a car which unbeknown to him is carrying civilians. At the same time, the car is being shot by a German tank whose gunner is named Gustav Schaefer. Schaefer and Smoyer shoot each other for a few seconds. It ends when Smoyer's crew shoot down a nearby building which disables Shaefer's tank, but leave the Germans inside the tank unharmed. Schaefer and one of his friends escape while the rest of the crew decides to stand and fight. Schaefer credits Smoyer for saving him and his friend. The biography comes to an end with the meeting of Smoyer and Schaefer in Cologne, sharing their war stories and getting up to date since the war. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired. French development into tanks began during World War I as an effort to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare, and largely at the initiative of the manufacturers. The Schneider CA1 was the first tank produced by France, and 400 units were built. The French also experimented with various tank designs, such as the Frot-Laffly landship, Boirault machine and Souain experiment. Another 400 Saint-Chamond tanks were manufactured from April 1917 to July 1918, however these tanks were largely underpowered and of limited utility due to the design of the caterpillar tracks, which were too short in comparison with the tank's length and weight. The most significant French tank development during the war was the Renault FT light tank, which set the general layout for future tank designs and was used or redesigned by various military forces, including those of the United States. At the start of World War 2, France had one of the largest tank forces in the world along with the Soviet, British and German forces. The French had planned for a defensive war and built tanks accordingly; infantry tanks were designed to be heavily armored. Within France and its colonies, roughly 5,800 tanks were available during the time of the German offensive, and some when they came into contact were effective against the German tanks. The R 35 was intended to replace the FT as standard light infantry tank from the summer of 1936, but even by May 1940 not enough conscripts had been retrained and therefore eight battalions of the older tank had to be kept operational. On 1 September 1939, at the outbreak of war, 975 vehicles had been delivered out of 1070 produced; 765 were fielded by tank battalions in France. Of a total order for 2,300 at least 1,601 had been produced until 1 June 1940 serial numbers known to be actually used indicate a production of at least 1670 vehicles. In the Battle of France, despite an advantage in number and armor against the Germans, the French tanks were not used to good enough effect. Ironically, cooperation with the infantry was poor. The Cavalry units alone were too few in number. In armor and firepower, French tanks were generally not inferior to their German counterparts. In one incident, a single Char B1 "Eure" was able to destroy thirteen German tanks within a few minutes in Stonne on 16 May 1940, all of them Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks. The 37mm and 20mm guns the Germans used were ineffective at penetrating the thick armor of the B1, which was able to return safely despite being hit a large number of times. Even German General Rommel was surprised at how the French tanks withstood the German tank shells and had to resort to using the German 88 artillery as anti tank guns against the French tanks to knock them out. Setbacks the French military suffered were more related to strategy, tactics and organization than technology and design. Almost 80 percent of French tanks did not have radios, since the battle doctrine employed by the French military was more a slow-paced, deliberate conformance to planned maneuvers. French tank warfare was often restricted with tanks being assigned for infantry support. Unlike Germany, which had special Panzerwaffe divisions, France did not separate tanks from the Infantry arm, and were unable to respond quickly to the Blitzkrieg tactics employed by the Germans, which involved rapid movement, mission-type orders and combined-arms tactics. Combat service: The first elements of the 3rd Armored saw combat on 29 June in France, with the division as a whole beginning combat operations on 9 July 1944. During this time, it was under the command of VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps First Army, but was later reassigned to the XIX Corps under the Ninth Army and the for the rest of the war. The division was the "spearhead" of the First Army through the Normandy Campaign, taking part in a number of engagements, most notably in the Battle of Saint-Lô, where it suffered significant casualties. After facing heavy fighting in the hedgerows and developing methods to overcome the vast thickets of brush and earth that constrained its mobility, the unit broke out at Marigny alongside the 1st Infantry Division and swung south to Mayenne. 3rd AD engineers and maintenance crews solved the problem of the Norman hedgerows by taking the large I-Beam invasion barriers from the beaches at Normandy and welding them on the fronts of Sherman tanks as large crossing rams. They would then hit the hedgerows at high speed, bursting through them without exposing the vulnerable underbellies of the tanks. The division was next ordered to help close the Argentan-Falaise Pocket containing the German Seventh Army, which it finished by 18 August near Putanges. Six days later, the outfit had sped through Courville and Chartres and was approaching the banks of the Seine River. On the night of 25 August 1944, the division began the crossing of the Seine; once completed, the 3rd moved across France, reaching the Belgian border on 2 September 1944. Liberated in the path of the division were Meaux, Soissons, Laon, Marle, Mons, Charleroi, Namur and Liège. The division cut off 40,000 Wehrmacht troops at Mons and captured 8,000 prisoners. Hurtgen and the Bulge: On 10 September 1944, the 3rd, now nicknamed the "Spearhead Division", fired what it claimed was the first American field artillery shell onto German soil of the war. Two days later, it passed the German border and soon breached the Siegfried Line after taking part in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. The 3rd Armored Division fought far north of the deepest German penetration during the Battle of the Bulge. The division worked its way south in an attack designed to help wipe out the bulge and bring First Army's line abreast of General George S. Patton's Third Army, which was fighting northward toward Houffalize. It severed a vital highway leading to St. Vith and later reached Lierneux, Belgium, where it halted to refit. Into the German heartland: After a month of rest, the division resumed its offensive to the east, and on 26 February, rolled back inside Germany. In the following weeks, the 3rd bolted across the Roer River and seized several towns, crossed the Erft, and at last broke through to the Rhine River to capture Cologne by 7 March. During the engagement in Cologne, a spectacular film was shot of a 3rd Division T-26E Pershing ("Eagle 7") defeating a German PzKPfW V "Panther" that caught the Pershing by surprise in the city streets on 6 March. Two weeks later, it crossed the Rhine at Honnef, a town south of Cologne. On 31 March, the commander of the division, Major General Maurice Rose, rounded a corner in his jeep and found himself face to face with a German tank. As he withdrew his pistol either to throw it to the ground or in an attempt to fight back, the young German tank commander, apparently misunderstanding Rose's intentions, shot and killed the general. After Cologne, the division swept up Paderborn in its advance to shut the back door to the Ruhr Pocket. In April, the division crossed the Saale River north of Halle and sped on toward the Elbe River. On 11 April 1945, the 3rd Armored discovered the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. The division was the first to arrive on the scene, reporting back to headquarters that it had uncovered a large concentration camp near the town of Nordhausen. With help from the 104th Infantry Division, the 3rd immediately began transporting some 250 prisoners to nearby hospitals. The division's last major fighting in the war was the Battle of Dessau, which the division captured on 23 April 1945 after three days of combat. Following the action at Dessau, the division moved into corps reserve at Sangerhausen. Occupational duty near Langen was given to the division following V-E Day, a role it filled until inactivation on 10 November 1945. Casualties: The 3rd Armored Division suffered the following casualties: Total battle casualties: 9,243 Killed in action: 1,810 Wounded in action: 6,963 Missing in action: 104 Prisoner of war: 366 Enemy casualties: The division inflicted the following enemy casualties: Combat vehicles destroyed: 6,751 Prisoners of war: 76,720

Vietnam Era US Army T56-6 Combat Tanker helmet with boom mic with intergraded US CVC Tanker Gas Mask M25A1 with Filter and carry bag in excellent condition and is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. Both are certainly still serviceable. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this helmet was acquired.

This tanker helmet is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville, Virginia. This complete Iraqi War US Trench Art Painted Helmet is a medium size and in excellent condition with all electronics. The exterior exhibits a tiger to the front with an American Flag to the rear and "JAYBIRD" A very graphic helmet obviously painted by someone who knew what they were doing.  The helmet came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Helmet was acquired.

Uniform grouping of a future Flag Officer by the name of Brigadier General Ward LeHardy. The grouping consists of General Ward Lehardy's 4 pocket Service Uniform complete from head to toe including his Chocolate Officers Visor Hat that is roughly a size 7. The uniform is named to the interior. The grouping also has his beautifully made set of Riding Breeches as well as a dress shirt and a boxed pair of Knee High Leather Boots. Excellent. BG (Retired) Ward LeHardy had a distinguished career in his 32 years in the Army. Following graduation from West Point in 1956 he served as a platoon leader and company executive officer in both the 1st Cavalry Division in South Korea and the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. He then served as an Aide to the Commanding General, US Army Japan. He then served as an Infantry Battalion advisor to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam during his first tour in Vietnam. Upon his return to CONUS he was a Battalion S-3 and Company commander in the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington before becoming a Tactical Officer to the Corps of Cadets at the United States Military Academy. He subsequently served as the Army Liaison Officer to the United States Naval Academy. Following that he returned to Vietnam to serve as a Brigade S-3 and Assistant Chief of Staff in the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). He next served as a Staff Officer in the Infantry Branch at the Department of the Army before being assigned as the Assistant Chief of Staff for the US Command in Berlin. With the reduction of forces as operations in Vietnam were winding down the decision was made to consolidate the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 509th Airborne/Mechanized into a single Battalion Combat Team. BG LeHardy was chosen to take command of the new 3rd Battalion of the 509th in the Federal Republic of Germany and relocate it to Vicenza, Italy. After the move the unit was redesignated as the 1st Battalion (Infantry), 509th (Airborne) Airborne Battalion Combat Team where it was the only forward deployed conventional Airborne battalion in the Army. The Battalion Combat Team included an artillery battery, light and combat engineers and other support elements, making it the largest battalion in the US Army. There the 1st 509th assumed the mission of being the primary American ground contingent for the Allied Command Europe (ACE) Mobile Force. As part of the AMF the BCT had the mission of participating in any missions outside of NATO as directed by SACEUR, or in the event of a war in Europe with Warsaw Pact forces to defend the flanks of NATO in Greece, Turkey or Norway. BG LeHardy's leadership was instrumental in preparing the 1-509th ABCT for all contingencies. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War the BCT was not only on the ready for any missions required, but prepared and shipped their recently received TOW missiles. Following this assignment BG LeHardy became a Chief of the War Plans Division at the Department of the Army. He then became the Deputy Commander of the 193rd Infantry Brigade in the Panama Canal Zone; the Brigade Commander of the 3rd Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile); the Chief of Staff of the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile); the Director of the OPMS Study Group in the Pentagon; the Assistant Division Commander of the 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized); and served as the Chief of Staff of the 2nd US Army at Fort Gillem, Georgia before retiring. The Uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Attractive uniform of a (Then 3 Star General) to later become a 4 Star General named Bruce C. Clarke. The grouping consists of a 4th Armored Walking Cane.  Cane is in excellent condition with a WWII period decal to the front. Wood cane measures 34 1/2 inches tall. 1942 Dated Generals Overseas Cap. His Ike Jacket with Bullion Lt. Generals Stars to the shoulder. An impressive 12 place ribbon bar with the following medals: Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, Silver Star with 3 Oak Leaf Clusters, Legion Of Merit, Bronze Star with Two Oak Leaf Devices and a V for Valor, Air Medal, Army Commendation Medal, French Legion of Honor, French Croix De Guerre with Palm, Belgian Croix De Guerre  with Palm, Republic of Korea War Service Medal with Two Silver Stars, Honorary Companion Order of the Bath and finally  Republic of Korea Presidential Unit. Also he is wearing his Army Staff Identification Badge. To the shoulder is a bullion 7th Army SSI. The uniform also has his Officers Doe Skin Riding Breeches and a Officers shirt. Lastly some ephemera including a signed photo of the General as a 4 Star General, and a pamphlet that the General has written with a tipped in photo of him and he also signed it. Lastlt a 1983 in home interview of the General by the Museum. The Uniform grouping came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.  Bruce Cooper Clarke (April 29, 1901 – March 17, 1988) was a United States Army general. He was a career officer who served in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. He was the commander of Continental Army Command from 1958 to 1960, Commander, United States Army Europe from 1960 to 1962, and commanded the United States Army, Pacific from December 1954 to April 1956. Early life and education: Clarke was born on a farm in Adams, New York, on April 29, 1901. He dropped out of high school to enlist in the United States Army in 1917, served in the Coast Artillery Corps during World War I, and gained appointment to the United States Military Academy through the New York National Guard. He graduated in 1925 with a commission in the Corps of Engineers. In addition to his degree from West Point, he earned a civil engineering degree from Cornell University and an LL.B. from La Salle Extension University.[1] He also was an equivalent graduate of the National War College and is credited with starting the Non-Commissioned Officers Academy system. Military career: In the Second World War, as a colonel and then a brigadier general, he commanded Combat Command A (CCA) of the 4th Armored Division in General George S. Patton's Third Army, leading it to victory over a superior German armored force at the Battle of Arracourt in September 1944. In December Clarke led the relief of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge, which slowed the German attack. Writing afterward, General Eisenhower credited Clarke's actions as the "turning point" in that battle. During the Korean War, Clarke commanded the 1st Armored Division, Fort Hood, Texas, from 1951 to 1953. He then transferred to Korea, where he commanded I Corps in 1953 and X Corps from 1953 to 1954. He also trained the First Republic of Korea Army. Clarke was then assigned as Commanding General, United States Army Pacific in Hawaii from 1954 to 1956. After his tour in Hawaii, he commanded the Seventh United States Army in Germany from 1956 to 1958. He received a promotion to the rank of four-star general in August 1958. From 1958 to 1960 he commanded the Continental Army Command, heading the entire Army school system which, at the time, had over 250,000 participants. From 1960 to 1962 he served as Commander in Chief of United States Army Europe, before retiring on April 30, 1962. On October 18, 1971, the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States conferred upon Clarke, a 33rd Degree Freemason, the Grand Cross of the Court of Honor. This is the highest Masonic award, with only 11 holders out of 600,000 Freemasons in the Southern Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite.Military decorations: Clarke's military decorations include the Distinguished Service Cross, three Army Distinguished Service Medals, three Silver Stars, the Legion of Merit, and three Bronze Star Medals. He also received decorations from foreign countries including France, Germany, Great Britain, Korea, and the Philippines. General Clarke's issued Distinguished Service Cross originally belonged to General George S. Patton. During then Col Clarke's medal presentation, General Patton was unable to find the medal and instead awarded him his own. It and the rest of General Clarke's Medals and Awards are currently preserved in Clarke Middle School, Adams, New York.  Distinguished Service Cross Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters Silver Star with two oak leaf clusters Legion of Merit Bronze Star with two oak leaf clusters and "V" Device Army Commendation Medal Air Medal Presidential Unit Citation World War I Victory Medal American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four campaign stars World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal National Defense Service Medal Korean Service Medal with two campaign stars Honorary Companion Order of the Bath (CB) United Nations Korea Medal Philippine Liberation Medal Philippine Independence Medal Conspicuous Service Medal Conspicuous Service Cross

Name Brigadier Generals Uniform grouping of Brigadier General Walter D. Laman, Jr., 50th Armored Division Artillery Commander enlisted in the New Jersey National Guard in July 1940. He entered active military duty as a sergeant 15 September 1940 as a member of Hq. Btry. 1st Bn. 157th FA Regt. and was commissioned a 2nd lieutenant FA in January 1941. He served as a Battery Assistant Executive Officer, Executive Officer arid Battery Commander. He was assigned as Battalion Executive Officer of 967th FA Bn., 228th FA Gp. and promoted to major in March, 1943. His battalion participated in the Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland and Central Europe Campaigns. General Lamon rejoined the 50th Armored Division in New Jersey National Guard upon in activation in October 1946 after World War II and reorganized the 228th AFA Bn. which he commanded. In Oct. 1951 he became Executive Officer of the 50th Armored Division Artillery and was promoted to colonel in April 1953. In November 1954 General Lomon was assigned as Commanding General 50th Armored Division Artillery and received Federal recognition as a Brigadier General of the line in November 1956. For his World War II service General Lamon was decorated with the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, European Theater Medal with 4 bottle stars, the American Defense Medal, The American Theater Medal, the World War II Victory Medal and the Medal for Occupation of Germany. The grouping consists of his complete Service Uniform with a his service jacket having a theater made 9 place ribbon bar to include Bronze Star with Oak leaf Cluster,  American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with 4 Campaign Stars, WWII Victory Medal, Germany Occupation Medal, Armed Forces Reserve Medal, Air Medal and New Jersey National Guard Medal of Merit. The shoulder has Brigadier Generals Stars, the shoulder has a 50th Armored Battalion SSI with Jersey Blues tab beneath it. The other shoulder has a US Army Kiska Task Force Theater Made Patch. Tunic is size marked 44. The Khaki Shirt also is identically Patched with a Theater Made Kiska Patch and a standard 50th Armored Battalion Patch. The shirt has minor moth damage. The overseas cap is size marked 7 with a sterling Generals Star. The trousers are also in excellent condition and his Brown officers shoes are a size 15 and are matching condition. There are several loose insignia including his Dog Tag, Distinctive Insignia  from previous units. Generals Car Pennant and Officers socks to name a few.  The Uniform grouping came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.  On 13 October 1945 the War Department published a postwar policy statement for the entire Army, calling for a 27-division Army National Guard structure with 25 infantry divisions and two armored divisions. Once the process of negotiation was complete, among the new formations formed were the 49th and 50th Armored Divisions, the first armored divisions in the Army National Guard. The 50th Armored Division replaced the 44th Infantry Division within the New Jersey Army National Guard, with the 50th Armored assuming the 44th Infantry's "Jersey Blues" nickname. Most 50th Armored Division units were legacy units of the 44th Infantry and inherited the lineage and history of those units.

Impressive Named Major Generals uniform grouping of Frank Ross McCoy. The grouping consists of his Major Generals Officers Service Jacket. This tailored jacket by Theodore Miller Co. of Philadelphia is in excellent condition with an impressive 20 place ribbon bar and bullion Major Generals Stars to the shoulder. Finally a Theater Made 1st Cavalry Patch. The pink riding breeches are also in excellent condition. Lastly his Custom Made Three Buckle Cavalry Boots and spurs. The upper calf boots are in beautiful condition but have another Officer's name in them, Captain Dana G. McBride. maybe a Gift or just a marriage. Excellent. Frank Ross McCoy (October 29, 1874 – June 4, 1954) was a United States Army officer. He served in the Philippines, during World War I, and led an American relief mission to Tokyo after the 1923 earthquake. He initially retired from the military in 1938, though was recalled to service in 1941 at the start of World War II, where he served on the Roberts Commission. In his civilian career, he was president of the Foreign Policy Association and chairman of the Far Eastern Commission. Early life: McCoy was born in Lewistown, Pennsylvania, on October 29, 1874, the son of Margaret Eleanor (Ross) McCoy and Thomas Franklin McCoy. a veteran of the Mexican–American War and American Civil War who attained the rank of brigadier general by brevet. He graduated from Lewistown High School in 1891, then attended the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1897, received his commission as a second lieutenant and was assigned to the 8th Cavalry. Military career: McCoy served on the western front in Cuba, in the Santiago campaign, and in the Philippines. He fought at Las Guasimas and was wounded at San Juan. McCoy was later awarded two Silver Stars and the Purple Heart for his combat service in Cuba. In Cuba and in the Philippines, he acted as aide to General Leonard Wood and was for several years aide to President Theodore Roosevelt. During the Philippine–American War, McCoy, then a captain, commanded U.S. troops at the Battle of the Malala River in October 1905, defeating forces of the Sultanate of Buayan and killing its leader, Datu Ali. After returning from the Philippines, McCoy began studying at the United States Army War College, graduating in November 1908. In 1911, McCoy was appointed a member of the General Staff and, in 1917, became a member of the General Staff of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe, where he commanded the 165th Infantry Regiment in 1918. McCoy wrote Principles of Military Training (1917). From August 1918 to March 1920, McCoy served as a temporary brigadier general. From August to November 1918, he commanded the 63rd Infantry Brigade, 32nd Division. From 1918 to 1919, McCoy was Director of Transportation in the American Expeditionary Force. In 1919, he served as chief of staff in the United States military mission to Armenia. In December 1922, McCoy received a permanent promotion to brigadier general. He led a relief mission to Tokyo after the 1923 earthquake. McCoy was subsequently awarded the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun. After returning to the United States, McCoy served as a liaison officer in the State Department Bureau of Insular Affairs from September to December 1925. After attending a refresher course at the Infantry School until February 1926, he commanded the 3rd Infantry Brigade at Fort Sam Houston, Texas until March 1927. After attending the Field Artillery School until May 1927, McCoy commanded the 1st Field Artillery Brigade at Fort Hoyle, Maryland until September 1929. In September 1929, McCoy was promoted to major general. From October 1929 to February 1932, he commanded the Fourth Corps Area at Fort McPherson, Georgia. From February 1932 to March 1933, McCoy served on the Lytton Commission investigating the Japanese military invasion and occupation of Manchuria. He was subsequently awarded the Chinese Order of Chia-Ho. McCoy commanded the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Bliss, Texas from March to October 1933. He next commanded the Seventh Corps Area at Omaha, Nebraska until February 1935. McCoy then commanded the Second Army and Sixth Corps Area at Chicago, Illinois until May 1936. He next commanded the Second Corps Area at Governors Island, New York until October 1938. McCoy served as interim commander of the First United States Army from January to October 1938, and was succeeded by James K. Parsons. He retired on October 31, 1938, but was recalled between December 1941 and January 1942 to serve on the Roberts Commission. McCoy was also recalled from July to August 1942 to serve as president of the military commission during the trial of German saboteurs landed by submarine and from July to October 1943 as chairman of the War Department Procurement Review Board. Civilian career: After the war, McCoy became the chairman of the Far Eastern Commission, an international body created to determine the fate of postwar Japan. He was also a member of the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolution. The Uniform grouping came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

WWII US Army WAC Uniform of a Tech Corporal who served with a Tank Destroyer Company. The Uniform Jacket tag is a bit washed out but clearly says its a size 12. This WAC service uniform set is made with a light weight cotton that is very comfortable to wear. The jacket features shoulder boards, faux breast pocket flaps, functional lower slash hip pockets and a full button front with brass US Army Eagle embossed buttons with two form fitting darts. The skirt features the WWII era six panel construction with side fastening construction. The Shoes are also in excellent condition with the brown leather still being very supple. They are size marked 10. The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

WWII American Red Cross Canteen Ladies Uniform Dress roughly a size 12. Dress has a 9 pearl closer to the front. The blue linen dress has white cuffs and collar. Excellent. The American Red Cross involvement in World War II preceded the entrance of the United States into the conflict. When hostilities began in Europe in 1939, the Red Cross became the chief provider of relief supplies for the civilian victims of conflict distributed by the Geneva-based International Red Cross Committee. In February 1941, the Red Cross responded to a request by the U.S. government to begin a Blood Donor Service to produce lifesaving plasma for the armed forces in anticipation of America’s entry into the war. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Red Cross quickly mobilized a volunteer and staff force to fulfill the mandates of its 1905 congressional charter requiring that the organization “furnish volunteer aid to the sick and wounded of armies in time of war” and to “act in matters of voluntary relief and in accord with the military and naval authorities as a medium of communication between the people of the United States of America and their Army and Navy.” The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Steller WWII US Army Nurse Corps WWII Beige Uniform from a Veteran who was attached to the 3rd Air Force. The Veteran's name was Lt. Evelyn "Toots" Thorburn. The uniform includes 1) ANC Army Nurse Beige Service Hat (Size 22 1/2). Original vintage WWII ANC Army Nurse Corps women's beige service hat. It is a size 22 1/2. Overall, good wearable condition. Knox logo inside. Comes with the cap eagle. 2) US Army Nurse Beige Summer Uniform Blouse. Jacket is adorned with Lieutenant Bars, 3rd Air Force SSI, US and Army Nurse Corps Collar Insignia. Has some light staining to the reverse but should be able to dry clean out. 3) Matching Army Nurse Beige Skirt. Matching condition with a button fly. 4) 1943 Dated size 7B Leather US Army Nurse Shoes. Manufactured by United States Shoe Corp. 5) WWII Brown Leather Women's Gloves. These are New Old Stock and size 6 1/2. 6) US Issue Silk Stockings. The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. At the start of the war in December 1941, there were fewer than 1,000 nurses in the Army Nurse Corps and 700 in the Navy Nurse Corps. All were women. Colonel Flikke's small headquarters in 1942, though it contained only 4 officers and 25 civilians, supervised the vast wartime expansion of nurses, in cooperation with the Red Cross. She only took unmarried women age 22–30 who had their RN training from civilian schools. These nurses were commissioned for a term that lasted the duration of the war plus six months, but they were discharged if they married or became pregnant. Due to the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbour on 7 December 1941, the United States entered the Pacific part of World War II. Along with this military effort was the work of the Flying Tigers in Kunming, China, under Claire Chennault. Nurses were thus needed in China to serve the U.S. Army. These nurses were recruited among the Chinese nurses residing in China, particularly the English-speaking nurses that fled Hong Kong (a British colony) to free China due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong on 8 December 1941. The Hong Kong nurses were trained by the Department of Medical Services (directed by Dr. Percy Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke) of the Government of Hong Kong. They took up Nursing positions at the Flying Tigers (Rebecca Chan Chung, Daisy Pui-Ying Chan), U.S. Army (Rebecca Chan Chung, Daisy Chan, Cynthia Chan), Chinese Red Cross (Elsie Chin Yuen Seetoo, Irene Yu) and China National Aviation Corporation (Rebecca Chan Chung, Irene Yu). Cynthia Chan is the elder sister of Anna Chan (Mrs. Chennault). Only a few African American nurses were admitted to the Army Nurse Corps. Mabel Keaton Staupers, who worked for the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses with help from Eleanor Roosevelt, pressured the Army to admit African American nurses in 1941. The first black nurse admitted to the program was Della H. Raney who was commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941. The limit on black nurses was 48 in 1941 and they were mostly segregated from white nurses and soldiers. In 1943, the Army set a limit on black nurses to 160. That same year, the first African American medical unit, the 25th Station Hospital Unit, was deployed overseas to Liberia. Later, nurses were deployed to Burma, where they treated black soldiers. African American nurses also served in China, Australia, New Guinea, the Philippines, England and in the US where they treated prisoners of war. By the end of the war, there were 476 serving in the corps. On 26 February 1944 Congress passed a bill that granted Army and Navy Nurses actual military rank, approved for the duration of the war plus 6 months. The Cadet Nurse Corps was created because of a nationwide shortage of nurses. With over 8  million soldiers, sailors, and airmen, the needs were more than double those of World War I. Hundreds of new military hospitals were constructed for the expected flow of casualties. Fearing a massive wave of combat casualties once Japan was invaded in late 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called on Congress early in 1945 for permission to draft nurses. However, with the rapid collapse of Germany early in 1945, and the limitation of the war in the Pacific to a few islands, the draft was not needed and was never enacted. By the end of the war, the Army and Army Air Forces (AAF) had 54,000 nurses, and the Navy had 11,000—all women. Some 217 black nurses served in all-black Army medical units. The AAF was virtually autonomous by 1942 and likewise was its Nurse Corps. Much larger numbers of enlisted men served as medics. These men were in effect practical nurses who handled routine care under the direction of nurse officers. Likewise many enlisted Wacs and Wafs served in military hospitals. Medical advances greatly increased survival rates for the wounded: 96% of the 670,000 wounded soldiers and sailors who made it to a field hospital staffed by nurses and doctors survived their injuries. Amputations were seldom necessary to combat gangrene. Penicillin and sulfa drugs proved highly successful in this regard. Nurses were deeply involved with post-operative recovery procedures, air evacuation, and new techniques in psychiatry and anaesthesia. Upon Flikke's retirement in 1943, she was succeeded by Florence A. Blanchfield, who successfully promoted new laws in 1947, that established the Army, Navy, and Air Force Nurse Corps on a permanent basis, giving the nurses regular commissions on exactly the same terms as male officers. A month before she retired in 1947, Blanchfield became the first woman to hold a regular Army commission.

Stellar WW1 British Nurses Red Cross Uniform with head scarf, apron, red dress with collar Red Silk Stockings and Black and White Leather Shoes. The red dress has insignia applied to it probably denoting rank. The red cotton dress has a seven white button front with white removable cuffs. A white apron with the Red Cross emblem displayed on the bib. Made of linen, with bib pleated in band and continuing in straps (without join), cut in three widths and pleated in band at sides. On one side is a large square pocket stitched on, the front part of pocket having a narrow strip continuing upward and stitched in the two-inch waist-band, fastening at back with linen button, the straps crossing over and also buttoning about five inches from either side of centre at the back. The Red Cross of Turkey twill, 4 inches in height and length, of the authorised Geneva pattern, with each limb 1 inch square to be sewn on centre of bib, the bottom of apron being finished with a two-inch hem. Length to be the same as overall. Sourcing the red fabric proved difficult during the war, so many aprons were missing a Red Cross. Sister Dora cap is a one piece pattern, with a three inch hem to turn over in front which is square, the other part being rounded having a narrow hem and a flat tape stitched around the hem and 12 inches in from the edge. Red Silk Stockings that show wear and tear but after 100 years, who could expect otherwise. Lastly a pair of black and white leather shoes. roughly a size 7. Leather is still fairly supple. The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Nurses during the war: The nursing of sick and wounded soldiers during the war was carried out by a number of trained and voluntary nursing staff. Trained nurses were licensed professionals who had spent years training in a hospital with a recognised school. In every large hospital there was a matron, sisters, nurses and probationers. Voluntary nurses – better known as Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) – were people who willingly gave their time to care for wounded patients. VAD members were not entrusted with trained nurses’ work except in an emergency when there was no other option. At the start of the war, VADs were known to have ‘fluttered the dovecotes of professional nursing’ due to their enthusiastic desire to nurse wounded soldiers. Their initial purpose was to support military and naval medical services during times of war. However, it was soon realised that detachments could play an important role during the First World War in caring for the large number of wounded soldiers. Governance: When the Joint War Committee took control of the VADs and trained nurses, these two departments were placed under the direction of Dame Sarah Swift, who had been matron of St Guy’s Hospital. From the outset of the war until November 1918, trained nurses were sent abroad at short notice under the banner of the Red Cross. Over 2,000 women offered their services in 1914, many declining a salary, and from this list individuals were despatched to areas of hostility including France, Belgium, Serbia and Gallipoli. From 1915 onwards they were joined by partially trained women from the VADs who were posted to undertake less technical duties. There are reports of unemployed trained nurses complaining that the wounded abroad were suffering from the lack of professional assistance whilst many women were simply waiting at home, keen to offer their services. Yet the War Office and the Joint Committee considered that with an escalating number of wounded servicemen being sent home, fewer nurses were required abroad. This resulted in an increase in the ranks of paid nurses being employed in hospitals at home. Formation of the Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs): On 16 August 1909 a scheme began to organise voluntary aid in England and Wales. The Red Cross’ role was defined as assisting the government in wartime by helping the territorial medical service. A similar scheme for Scotland followed in December 1909. The Red Cross and The Order of St John of Jerusalem organised voluntary aid detachments (VADs), made up of men and women, in every county to carry out transport duties and staff rest stations and hospitals. By October 1910, 202 detachments had been registered with over 6,000 volunteers. Membership of the detachments grew still further on the outbreak of the First World War when the Joint War Committee was formed. VADs had to be between 23 and 38 years old. Women under 23 were rarely registered as nurses with the Red Cross, but the rule was not enforced for women over 38 who had no diminished capacity.Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs): From the beginning of the war until the armistice, trained nurses were always available to be sent out by the Red Cross. Partially trained VADs, working under the Joint Committee, carried out duties that were less technical, but no less important, than trained nurses. They organised and managed local auxiliary hospitals throughout Britain, caring for the large number of sick and wounded soldiers arriving from abroad. Training was at the heart of the VAD. During peacetime, the volunteers had practised their skills by helping in hospitals and dispensaries and running first aid posts at public events. When war broke out they were ready to use these skills. A few VADs had already gained experience of nursing during the Balkan wars. The number of volunteers increased dramatically in the early years of the First World War and by 1918 there were over 90,000 British Red Cross VADs. Number of detachments on Foreign and Home Service in 1915: 7th January 1915: 217 Detachments on Foreign Service, 118 Detachments on Home Service 30th June 1915: 371 Detachments on Foreign Service, 915 Detachments on Home Service Home Service: When a new auxiliary hospital opened, Red Cross headquarters were usually asked to provide nursing staff. Nursing staff were generally local residents, but some detachments travelled or moved to work in auxiliary hospitals across the UK. The first matron interviewed commandants who visited headquarters to discuss the supply of nurses for their hospitals and sometimes to report the behaviour of nurses. She also interviewed all nurses who arrived at headquarters from a hospital. In cases where they were sick, nurses were sent to hospital, home to friends or to the Queen Alexandra’s fund for sick nurses, which offered hospitality to nurses in need of rest or a holiday. By courtesy of the railway companies, nurses going on holiday or sick leave and travelling in uniform were allowed one railway voucher every six months. This entitled them to a return ticket for a single fare. The first matron kept a record of the nurses sent out, the hospitals to which they were sent and whether the Joint War Committee or the hospital authorities were responsible for their salary. Nurses who were sent back because they had not performed satisfactorily were allowed three trials. If they did not get on at any of the three hospitals to which they were sent, they were either dismissed or advised to resign. Special Service: During the war a new system of ‘Special Service’ supplied Red Cross nursing members to Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) military hospitals. Previously staffed exclusively by army nurses and orderlies from the RAMC, the scheme introduced VADs to the military hospitals. The VADs were posted by the Joint Committee of the British Red Cross Society and the Order of St John at Devonshire House. Special Service VADs were also sent to Red Cross hospitals, both in England and abroad. After the first few months, the general rule was that nurses were only sent abroad after they had served for at least two months under the Joint War Committee in an auxiliary hospital at home and had received a favourable report. The quality of care by the Red Cross meant that every nurse employed to carry out work in a hospital overseas came up to the standard of a sister, staff nurse or even a matron in an average London hospital. Selecting candidates: Nurses who wanted to be appointed completed an application form and would then appear before the selection board. After an interview, references were followed up. When applying to full-time nursing positions there were a number of rules for potential candidates: They had to have a certificate with three years training in a general hospital of at least 50 beds and a recommendation from the matron. Nurses with only two years’ training could work as staff nurses and be paid £40 per year.Where health certificates and references were satisfactory, candidates were put on the lists for Home or Foreign Service. A good knowledge of French was desirable for Foreign Service. All nurses had to be equally willing to perform night or day duty at home or abroad.Candidates were required to sign an agreement to serve in a home hospital for a period of six months at a salary of one guinea per week. Insurance, outdoor uniform, travelling expenses from London, board and lodgings were provided. Laundry cost 2s. 6d. per week, and lodgings at a hostel were provided between engagements. Indoor uniforms had to be provided by the nurses. On and after 7 June 1917, third-class railway fares to London were paid to nurses on their engagement and their fare home was paid on completion of their contract. After one year’s service with the Joint War Committee, the rate of pay was automatically increased by 16s. 8d. per month. This took effect from 1 July 1917 and applied to all nurses on the payroll on 30 June 1916. The annual holiday was two weeks per year, exclusive of days spent travelling and sick leave. Training: If a woman had to travel to her training, her travelling expenses were 18s per week. If she stayed in nurses’ accommodation she was told to bring the following (all marked with her name):One canvas or calico bag – six feet four inches by three feet – to be filled with straw at camp One pillow or pillow bag Two blankets One Macintosh rug is useful One enamel washing basin and a piece of soap Two towels; one should be large for bathing One duster One knife, fork and spoon One enamel cup and saucer Two enamel plates Two tea cloths One brush for boots (1d nail brush will do) A bicycle lamp or a candle lantern Small luxuries like: A deckchair Air cushion Spirit lamp Probationary nurses were trained in nursing and first aid by Red Cross-approved medical practitioners. Classes and examinations were arranged locally by divisions until July 1916 when they were held at the College of Ambulance, 3, Vere Street, under an agreement with the owner, Sir James Cantlie. The fee to be examined was 1s 6d for evening candidates and 2s for day candidates. Two Red Cross Officers supervised the examinations. Tredegar House, No. 99, Bow Road was the London hospital’s training home for probationers before they were admitted to the wards of the hospitals themselves. Members had to stay at Tredegar House for seven weeks where they received instruction, board and lodging and half-a-crown a week for washing, but no other pay. They were examined on the sixth week. After passing the exams and receiving first aid and home nursing certificates, they were sent for a month’s trial in a hospital. If they passed the trial they were accepted into a hospital for “three months’ hard work” before they were accepted full-time. Uniform: In 1909 the British Red Cross became involved in the VAD scheme. It was decided that volunteers should wear an official uniform to reflect this role. In 1911 a uniform sub-committee recommended the adoption of a standard uniform ‘having regard to economy, utility and the practical duties the Red Cross detachment would be required to perform on mobilisation’. The men’s uniform consisted of a blue tunic, breeches, wrap-around leggings called ‘putties’ and a peaked cap. A greatcoat with the Red Cross emblem sewn on the breast was worn outdoors. At the outbreak of the First World War this uniform was issued to Red Cross volunteers in standard British army khaki green. The Red Cross women’s VAD nursing members’ uniform was described as: A blue dress of specified material (red for commandants, blue lustre for members) to be in one length from throat to ankle, and sufficiently full to be worn, when necessary, over ordinary dress. To be buttoned in front under a two-inch box pleat, slightly gathered in front at shoulder and neck and finished with one-inch-wide neck-band on which to fasten white collar. The bottom of skirt to have a two-inch hem and two one-inch tucks. The sleeves (commandant) to be a small bishop shape with a three-inch wrist-band and fastening with two buttons. The sleeves (member) shall not come below the elbow. Ground clearance (pre-1917) four inches; (1917–1930) six inches. A starched “Sister Dora” cap worn across the head. 1911–1915: “Sister Dora” pattern in one piece, having a three-inch hem to turn over in front, which is square, the other part being rounded, having a narrow hem and a flat tape stitched round from hem, and 12 inches in from the edge, through which a narrow tape is run for drawing up. 1915–1930: an oblong of white cambric or linen, unstarched, in two sizes, 28 inches by 19 inches, or 27 inches by 19 inches, hemstitched all round two inches from edge, placed centrally on the head, the front edge to be worn straight cross the forehead and the two corners of front edge brought straight round the head fastening at the back with plain safety pin over the folds. The Red Cross emblem at centre front was introduced c1925 Stiff, white, stand-up shaped, linen collar of the improved “Sister Victoria” pattern, fastened by one or two white studs or a soft turned-down collar of white linen that may be worn with the working dress and fastened with a safety pin brooch bearing the Society’s emblem, viz. a shield with a red cross on white ground. For the nurses, white linen oversleeves, 15 inches long, fastening at cuff with one button and with elastic at elbow. For the commandant, stiff white linen oversleeves, fastening with one white stud.A white apron with the Red Cross emblem displayed on the bib. Made of linen, with bib pleated in band and continuing in straps (without join), cut in three widths and pleated in band at sides. On both sides is a large square pocket stitched on, the front part of pocket having a narrow strip continuing upward and stitched in the two-inch waist-band, fastening at back with linen button, the straps crossing over and also buttoning about five inches from either side of centre at the back. The Red Cross of Turkey twill, 4 inches in height and length, and of the authorised Geneva pattern, with each limb 1 inches square to be sewn on centre of bib, the bottom of apron being finished with a two-inch hem. Length to be the same as overall. A starched white linen belt, two and a half inches wide, starched, to be worn over an apron. Estimates for uniform material were requested from well-known firms and one was selected based on quality and prices. A permit was obtained from the War Office for the cloth to be purchased and an application had to be made to the controller of woollen and textile fabrics at Bradford. They allowed the selected firm a certain amount of cloth per week for making nurses’ uniform coats. When coats and hats were received from Home or Foreign Service they were inspected and if they were considered to be satisfactory, they would be cleaned and relined for re-use which saved hundreds of pounds.

WWII American Red Cross Volunteer Nurse Uniform. This vintage set includes a grey and white striped dress with the iconic Red Cross patch and a matching hat, White Skirt and Apron making it a perfect collector's item or a unique costume piece. The uniform proudly displays the name tag "Miss Krout" and features original Red Cross insignia, embodying the dedication and service of past volunteer nurses. Excellent. Lastly a pair of issued American Red Cross Shoes. The American Red Cross involvement in World War II preceded the entrance of the United States into the conflict. When hostilities began in Europe in 1939, the Red Cross became the chief provider of relief supplies for the civilian victims of conflict distributed by the Geneva-based International Red Cross Committee. In February 1941, the Red Cross responded to a request by the U.S. government to begin a Blood Donor Service to produce lifesaving plasma for the armed forces in anticipation of America’s entry into the war. After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the Red Cross quickly mobilized a volunteer and staff force to fulfill the mandates of its 1905 congressional charter requiring that the organization “furnish volunteer aid to the sick and wounded of armies in time of war” and to “act in matters of voluntary relief and in accord with the military and naval authorities as a medium of communication between the people of the United States of America and their Army and Navy.” The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

This Amos Sewell poster for 1945 depicts an injured solider, head bowed, with artillery shells framing his tired body. The slogan of "Miles of Hell to Tokyo" seems appropriate here, and it highlights the fatigue and languishing experienced at the waning years of the long war. Poster is framed measuring 24 X 32 1/2 overall. Excellent. Amos Sewell (1901-1983) began his working life as a banker who took illustration classes at night. He went on to become one of the Saturday Evening Post's most popular illustrators, alongside Norman Rockwell. Sewell created many posters for the War Effort, and this is considered one of his strongest images from that era.

Nice original WW1 Beat Back The Hun with Liberty Bonds. Great colors and menacing image of a German Soldier with a bloody bayonet. Artist S Strothmann. 30"x20" and is archival framed. NEAR MINT!

Extremely nice Bulova 10AK 15 jewel, World War II Ordinance Watch. Beautiful dial some finish loss to the hands on this watch. Winds smoothly and keeps great time. 31mm case not including crown. 16mm lug width. Excellent.

Early Indian Wars Campaign Hat that is made of black wool in excellent condition. The cap has an early bullion Officers Cord with tassels and just above that a Staff Officers US Wreath. The hat was manufactured by Stetson and was distributed by Butler's of Sapulpa Oklahoma which is south west of Tulsa. Hat is roughly a size 7 1/4. Excellent. The Hat came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired. Last conflicts: Many sources place the end of the American Indian Wars in the 1890s (1890 to 1901). The last campaign of the Indian Wars that has been designated by the U.S. Army, the Pine Ridge Campaign, ended in 1891. Scattered incidents of armed conflict between Indians and whites continued into the 1920s. October 5, 1898: Leech Lake, Minnesota: Battle of Sugar Point; last Medal of Honor given for Indian Wars campaigns was awarded to Private Oscar Burkard of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment. 1907: Four Corners, Arizona: Two troops of the 5th Cavalry from Fort Wingate skirmish with armed Navajo men; one Navajo was killed and the rest escaped. March 1909: Crazy Snake Rebellion, Oklahoma: Federal officials attack the Muscogee Creeks and allied Freedmen who had resisted forcible allotment and division of tribal lands by the federal government since 1901, headquartered at Hickory ceremonial grounds in Oklahoma; a two-day gun battle seriously wounded leader Chitto Harjo and quelled this rebellion. 1911: Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: A company of cavalry went from Fort Wingate to quell an alleged uprising by some Navajo. January 19, 1911: Washoe County, Nevada: The Last Massacre occurred; a group of Shoshones and Bannocks killed four ranchers; on February 26, 1911, eight of the Indians involved in the Last Massacre were killed by a posse in the Battle of Kelley Creek; the remaining four were captured. March 1914 – March 15, 1915: Bluff War in Utah between Ute Indians and Mormon residents. January 9, 1918: Santa Cruz County, Arizona: The Battle of Bear Valley was fought in Southern Arizona; Army forces of the 10th Cavalry engaged and captured a band of Yaquis, after a brief firefight. March 20–23, 1923: Posey War in Utah between Ute and Paiute Indians against Mormon residents. 1924: The Apache Wars ended in 1924 and brought the American Indian Wars to a close. This ended the post-1887 Apache Wars period.

WWII US Army 1st Division painted helmet with liner. The helmet's shell is heat stamped 97K and is a swivel bail with front seam. The helmet retains most of it's original finish and is adorn to the front is a 1st Division Unit Insignia. Both straps are present and shows wear but nothing too serious. The liner was manufactured by Westinghouse. Very Good. The Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.  WWIIIn 1941, the 26th regiment once again stood with its sister regiments and prepared for war in Europe. The regiment was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division for the duration of World War II. In World War II, the 26th Infantry led America's first-ever amphibious assault in North Africa, fought at the Kasserine Pass, assaulted Sicily at the Amphibious Battle of Gela, invaded Normandy, conquered the first German city of the war at Aachen, vaulted the Rhine and attacked all the way to Czechoslovakia by war's end. The regiment, commanded by Colonel John F. R. Seitz, conducted three amphibious assaults, and earned seven battle streamers, a Presidential Unit Citation, and five foreign awards. Beginning another occupation of Germany, the Blue Spaders bore the United States national colors at the Allied Victory in Europe parade, and served as guards at Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. Thus began a lengthy stay in Germany, first as conquerors and later as friends and allies. Called again to serve in the United States after a reorganization of the army, the unit was redesignated 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry and had a very short stay in the United States.Combat chronicleShortly after the German invasion of Poland, beginning World War II in Europe, the 1st Infantry Division, under Major General Walter Short, was moved to Fort Benning, Georgia, on 19 November 1939 where it supported the U.S. Army Infantry School as part of American mobilization preparations. It then moved to the Sabine Parish, Louisiana area on 11 May 1940 to participate in the Louisiana Maneuvers. The division next relocated to Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn on 5 June 1940, where it spent over six months before moving to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, on 4 February 1941. As part of its training that year, the division participated in both Carolina Maneuvers of October and November before returning to Fort Devens, Massachusetts on 6 December 1941. A day later, on 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor and, four days later, Germany declared war on the United States, thus bringing the United States into the conflict. The division was ordered to Camp Blanding, Florida, as quickly as trains could be gathered and winter weather permitted, and arrived on 21 February 1942. The division, now under Major General Donald C. Cubbison, was there reorganized and refurbished with new equipment, being re-designated as the 1st Infantry Division on 15 May 1942. Within a week, the division was returned to its former post at Fort Benning, Georgia, from where it was expedited on 21 June 1942 to Indiantown Gap Military Reservation for wartime overseas deployment final preparation. The division, now under the command of Major General Terry Allen, a distinguished World War I veteran, departed the New York Port of Embarkation on 1 August 1942, arrived in Beaminster in south-west England about a week later, and departed 22 October 1942 for the combat amphibious assault of North Africa. As part of II Corps, the division landed in Oran, Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. Elements of the division then took part in combat at Maktar, Tebourba, Medjez el Bab, the Battle of Kasserine Pass (where American forces were pushed back), and Gafsa. It then led the Allied assault in brutal fighting at El Guettar, Béja, and Mateur. The 1st Infantry Division was in combat in the Tunisian Campaign from 21 January 1943 to 9 May 1943, helping secure Tunisia. The campaign ended just days later, with the surrender of almost 250,000 Axis soldiers. After months of nearly continuous fighting, the division had a short rest before training for the next operation. In July 1943, the division took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, still under the command of Major General Allen. Lieutenant General George S. Patton, commanding the U.S. Seventh Army, specifically requested the division as part of his forces for the invasion of Sicily. It was still assigned to the II Corps. In Sicily the 1st Division saw heavy action when making amphibious landings opposed by Italian and German tanks at the Battle of Gela. The 1st Division then moved up through the center of Sicily, slogging it out through the mountains along with the 45th Infantry Division. In these mountains, the division saw some of the heaviest fighting in the entire Sicilian campaign at the Battle of Troina; some units losing more than half their strength in assaulting the mountain town. On 7 August 1943, Major General Allen was relieved of his command by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, then commanding the II Corps. Allen was replaced by Major General Clarence R. Huebner who was, like Allen, a decorated veteran of World War I who had served with the 1st Infantry Division throughout the war. When that campaign was over, the division returned to England, arriving there on 5 November 1943 to prepare for the eventual invasion of Normandy. The 1st Infantry Division and one regimental combat team from the 29th Infantry Division comprised the first wave of troops that assaulted German Army defenses on Omaha Beach on D-Day. The division had to run 300 yards to get to the bluffs, with some of the division's units suffering 30 percent casualties in the first hour of the assault, and secured Formigny and Caumont in the beachhead by the end of the day. The division followed up the Saint-Lô break-through with an attack on Marigny, 27 July 1944. The division then drove across France in a continuous offensive, reaching the German border at Aachen in September. The division laid siege to Aachen, taking the city after a direct assault on 21 October 1944. The 1st Division then attacked east of Aachen through the Hürtgen Forest, driving to the Ruhr, and was moved to a rear area 7 December 1944 for refitting and rest following 6 months of combat. When the German Wacht Am Rhein offensive (commonly called the Battle of the Bulge) was launched on 16 December 1944, the division was quickly moved to the Ardennes front. Fighting continuously from 17 December 1944 to 28 January 1945, the division helped to blunt and reverse the German offensive. Thereupon, the division, now commanded by Major General Clift Andrus, attacked and again breached the Siegfried Line, fought across the Ruhr, 23 February 1945, and drove on to the Rhine, crossing at the Remagen bridgehead, 15–16 March. The division broke out of the bridgehead, took part in the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket, captured Paderborn, pushed through the Harz Mountains, and was in Czechoslovakia, fighting at Kynšperk nad Ohrí, Prameny, and Mnichov (Domažlice District) when the war in Europe ended. Sixteen members of the division were awarded the Medal of Honor during World War II.

81 MM Mortar round with WP 3.5 marked on the body. Round it Gray and Green painted with light rust spots. WP marke is for WHITE PHOSPHORUS. Great item for your collection.

Early Indian Wars Campaign Hat that is made of black wool in excellent condition. The hat was manufactured by John B. Stetson and was distributed by T. A. Carten with a Patent date of 1878. Hat is roughly a size 7 1/4. Excellent. The Hat came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired. Last conflicts: Many sources place the end of the American Indian Wars in the 1890s (1890 to 1901). The last campaign of the Indian Wars that has been designated by the U.S. Army, the Pine Ridge Campaign, ended in 1891. Scattered incidents of armed conflict between Indians and whites continued into the 1920s. October 5, 1898: Leech Lake, Minnesota: Battle of Sugar Point; last Medal of Honor given for Indian Wars campaigns was awarded to Private Oscar Burkard of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment. 1907: Four Corners, Arizona: Two troops of the 5th Cavalry from Fort Wingate skirmish with armed Navajo men; one Navajo was killed and the rest escaped. March 1909: Crazy Snake Rebellion, Oklahoma: Federal officials attack the Muscogee Creeks and allied Freedmen who had resisted forcible allotment and division of tribal lands by the federal government since 1901, headquartered at Hickory ceremonial grounds in Oklahoma; a two-day gun battle seriously wounded leader Chitto Harjo and quelled this rebellion. 1911: Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: A company of cavalry went from Fort Wingate to quell an alleged uprising by some Navajo. January 19, 1911: Washoe County, Nevada: The Last Massacre occurred; a group of Shoshones and Bannocks killed four ranchers; on February 26, 1911, eight of the Indians involved in the Last Massacre were killed by a posse in the Battle of Kelley Creek; the remaining four were captured. March 1914 – March 15, 1915: Bluff War in Utah between Ute Indians and Mormon residents. January 9, 1918: Santa Cruz County, Arizona: The Battle of Bear Valley was fought in Southern Arizona; Army forces of the 10th Cavalry engaged and captured a band of Yaquis, after a brief firefight. March 20–23, 1923: Posey War in Utah between Ute and Paiute Indians against Mormon residents. 1924: The Apache Wars ended in 1924 and brought the American Indian Wars to a close. This ended the post-1887 Apache Wars period.

U.S. Navy Mark 2 wooden training round for the 6" guns aboard ships were used for pratice drills during WW2 and after. Brass base is marked as follows. 6 IN. DUMMY CARTRIDGE MK2 U.S.N. 163378 INSP. B.F.T. D.F. CO. 1944 with Navy Anchor.

One US 105 mm artillery shell casing in ggo condition. It has on the bottom the following markings, 105 MM M148A1B1 NOR-84G019-066. Great for your collection.

*INERT* M72A2 Shoulder-fired Light Anti-Tank Weapon, commonly known as the LAW rocket launcher. This is a spent rocket tube, no active warhead or projectile. Functions, folds and unfolds. Shows handling wear. Displays well. Excellent

*INERT* US ARMY M31 PRACTICE RIFLE GRENADE. Approximately 17" tall, comes in original 2-piece packaging and shipping tube, stamped "Grenade Rifle, Practice, M31 (INERT) w/o cartridges Grenade Rifle 30 Cal. M3. This is a blue-painted inert practice grenade for use with the grenade launcher adapter that fits on the M1 Garand .30-06 rifle and is fired with a .30 cal blank. This particular rifle grenade was developed for use against armor. Slight loss of finish on the fins and nose, and handling wear to the body and to the container. Very Good

DATE: 7-42 WW2 57mm Training round for anti tank crews. Steel case with black painted projectile marked 57mm M22 drill cartridge. Has bronze rifling ring with numbers intact. *INERT*

*INERT* M728A Training round. The M68 is an American 105 mm tank gun. Steel case with intact sabbot and orignal instruction sheet attached. Great display round.

LOT OF 2 WOODEN MK 6-50 Training rounds, Used for the Anti U-boat crews of the US Navy starting in 1940. Rounds are marked on the bottom. 329486 G.F.J V.M.C. 1944 DUMMY CARTRIDGE MK 6-50 CAL. with a Anchor symbol. great for display.

Lot of 2 155mm Artillery shell empty casings. This is the main body minus detonator and lower housing. Painted OD green with yellow lifting eyes. Great display items.

T6E1 Heavy anti tank mine dated 6-44 Lot PA-8-2. This mine was used during WW2 anti tank warfare in Europe. Was designed to Blow the track apart on enemy tanks. Nice markings and has 60% of original finish.

WWII Battle of the Bulge, Bastogne "NUTS" Commemorative Brass Plaque. Depicting General McAuliffe's "Nuts" response to the nazi's demand for surrender. December 1944 101st Airborne insignia at the top and paratrooper in the center. 5-5/8" diameter brass relief plaque in very nice original condition as shown. Said to have been cast from the hundreds of thousands of shell casings left on the battlefield, this early casting has very sharp features. Excellent

Stellar WW1 Ambulance Service Camo Painted US Made Helmet with Liner and Chinstrap. The helmet is in excellent condition considering it's over 100 years old. To the side of the lid is a white rooster on a red painted disk indicating the Ambulance Service. To the other side, a white disk with a red cross. The interior like the outside is in near mint condition. The liner is complete with a full leather chinstrap. The Harjes Formation: In early October 1914 Harjes and his wife Frederica Berwind Harjes (1877? -1954), a member of the American Ambulance Hospital board, set up a mobile field hospital comprising several surgeons, orderlies, and drivers and set off to work in the Compiègne-Montdidier sector north of Paris, providing medical assistance for the French army. Their work continued through the autumn and winter of 1914-15 but increasingly, with more use by the French authorities of the mobile ambulance aspect of their operation, the drivers and vehicles began to operate independently of the medical facilities. In turn, more young American men were attracted to volunteer for work in this more active role. Harjes dropped the hospital branch in mid-February 1915. An element of ambulance duty that began to cause frustration for Harjes drivers and those of the other corps now operating in the field was that the French army was reluctant to allow the Americans to operate in or from frontline postes de secours (advanced dressing stations), given their status as nationals of a neutral power. The French feared that volunteers might harbour pro-German sympathies. Instead, the drivers were restricted to more routine "jitney" work, ferrying the sick and wounded from incoming sanitary trains to hospitals in rearguard towns and cities. The American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps: Richard Norton’s "Anglo-American" Corps began around the same time as Harjes and allied itself with the British Red Cross (BRC) after the American Ambulance Hospital refused to sponsor it. The hospital was initially unwilling to develop a large ambulance wing. The BRC helped underwrite some of Norton’s operating costs and used the corps to distribute supplies. Although technically attached to the BRC in Boulogne, the corps carried out most of its work in following months under the auspices of the French Second Army some seventy miles to the south-east. Norton’s relationship with the BRC was a strained one, with Norton finding his sponsor inflexible and administratively cumbersome. By December 1915 he joined Harjes – who had begun such a relationship six months earlier – in forging a link with the American (National) Red Cross (ANRC or ARC) instead. At the end of 1916 the Harjes and Norton corps merged into one ambulance unit, the Norton-Harjes Formation under the ARC banner. The American Ambulance Field Service: The work of the American Field Service, meanwhile, grew more directly and organically out of the American Ambulance Hospital in Neuilly. Differences remained between those on its board who wished to concentrate on core hospital work and others who saw the practical value of a mobile service. (The "Ambulance" in the hospital title had the association in France more akin to that of a military hospital than an emergency vehicle). But by late autumn 1914 its cars were allowed out into the field to serve regional hospitals. The AFS became the largest of the volunteer ambulance services, expanding rapidly with the arrival at the turn of 1914/1915 of Abram Piatt Andrew (1873-1936), a former assistant secretary of the US Treasury, who was to become the AFS’ director. Andrew extended the scope of his operation and eventually separated completely from the Ambulance Hospital in 1916. He developed the role of all the different volunteer corps in the field by persuading the French authorities in April 1915 to allow the volunteers of the three American services to function immediately behind frontline trenches in battlefield areas. As such, units of twenty-five to thirty men and some twenty ambulances were each assigned to individual French divisions, becoming the divisions’ principal ambulance service. Separate camion truck supply units were added, also manned by volunteers. They were to serve with the French across the Western Front and, in the case of two units of the AFS, with the French Army of the Orient in the Balkans. A principal source of recruitment for the services came from American colleges, with east coast Ivy League institutions such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Dartmouth, and Cornell well represented plus west coast universities such as University of California, Berkeley, and Stanford. The colleges alone contributed some 1,855 men to the American Field Service, aided in the US by the recruitment efforts of Henry Sleeper (1878-1934), a friend of Piatt Andrew. AFS medical director Edmund Gros (1869-1942) also helped recruit AFS volunteers and others into the French legionnaire Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps. US Entry into the War: The volunteers continued in service under their own auspices until the US entered the war in April 1917, when they were amalgamated in October 1917 into the United States Army Ambulance Service (USAAS) and AEF Transportation Division. At the time of handover, the American Field Service comprised thirty-three sections (thirty-four at its peak) with some 1,200 ambulance volunteers, almost 1,000 ambulances, fourteen camion sections, and 800 camion drivers. The combined Norton-Harjes Formation strength reached thirteen sections, over 100 ambulances, and 200 men. Only around 500 volunteers transferred over to USAAS, however, the majority of them from the AFS. Nearly 1,000 former AFS volunteers went on to serve in American Expeditionary Force units, US Air Service, and US Navy, as well as French and British forces. US Army Ambulance: Leading the French military mission visit to the US in May 1917, Marshal Joseph Joffre (1852-1931) specifically highlighted the work and model of the volunteer ambulance services, identifying the continued supply of ambulance units to the French army as a priority area. Mobilisation by the US Medical Department of the United States Army Ambulance Service was consequently swift and from the outset continued the previous policy of accepting whole volunteer units raised by colleges, as well as others raised by cities and corporations. When new units were deployed in the field – in addition to the AFS and ARC units militarised by the USAAS – the existing structure of volunteer sections was broadly followed: forty-strong units comprising unit leaders (USAAS included up to three sergeants and a corporal), approximately thirty drivers (privates), two chefs, and a number of mechanics. French authorities were also insistent that the USAAS units continued using the volunteers’ chosen Ford ambulances, trucks, and touring cars, judging them effective and durable in the field. Crucially, the Army Ambulance Service continued to serve in its dedicated role with the French army and also with the Italian army, coming under those armies’ respective jurisdictions, though many were loaned back to AEF forces during the campaigns of summer/autumn 1918. At the time of the Armistice, 113 sections served in France and some thirty with the Italian army. Demobilisation of the USAAS following the Armistice was orderly and swift with longer serving sections given priority to stand down, their places taken by American units who had only arrived in Europe in late autumn 1918. These sections were in turn relieved by regular units of the French army. The whole service had largely been repatriated – or discharged in Europe – by early summer 1919.

WW1 US Air Service Painted Helmet Shell. The Executioner, which was the unit insignia is painted to one side with an Aerial Cockade with 25-A5 is directly underneath.  Unfortunately the liner and chinstrap are missing, otherwise excellent. The 25th Aero Squadron was a United States Army Air Service unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I. The squadron was assigned as a Day Pursuit (Fighter) Squadron as part of the 4th Pursuit Group, Second United States Army. Its mission was to engage and clear enemy aircraft from the skies and provide escort to reconnaissance and bombardment squadrons over enemy territory.  The squadron saw limited combat, and with Second Army's planned offensive drive on Metz cancelled due to the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized. History: Origins: A detail of men from the 3d Aero Squadron at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, was assigned to the new Kelly Field on 7 May 1917 to erect tents for the First Provisional Recruit Regiment. The next day, after a sufficient number of tents were put up, what became the 25th Aero Squadron began being quartered in Row "G". On 10 May, the first formation of men was held. Between 11 May and 13 June, the men of Row G went through the usual recruit training, a minute allowance of drill and a large portion of fatigue, such as digging ditches, latrines, excavation for road-building, erection of wooden barracks and performing guard duty on what became Kelly Field #1. Quite a few of the buildings erected on the field were the handiwork of the squadron. On 13 June, the unit was formally organized and given the designation of "20th Aero Squadron", however, due to a clerical error, the designation had been allocated to another unit, the squadron was re-designated as the "25th Aero Squadron" on 22 June. On 1 July, equipment of all kinds was issued to the men, including uniforms, rifles, ammunition belts, but no aircraft. On the 15th, an old Curtiss RE-2 aircraft was parked in front of the squadron. Training was held on repair and rigging this aircraft, and on the 26th, the squadron was moved from their row of tents into one of the new wooden barracks which they had helped to erect. Further instruction on aircraft maintenance continued, and on 15 September, several crews from the squadron were sent over to the airfield to take charge of some Curtiss JN-4As and LWS, which were flying daily from Kelly Field #1. Training continued through the months of October and November at Kelly Field. On 9 December, the squadron was ready to be sent overseas and was ordered to proceed to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. The squadron, however, did not depart Kelly Field until 28 December, arriving in New York on 3 January 1918. The time spent in Garden City was short, as on 9 January, the squadron took a short train trip to Hoboken, New Jersey and boarded the RMS Carmania, bound for Liverpool, England. The voyage across the Atlantic was uneventful, the squadron arriving in Liverpool on 24 January. A train was taken south to Winchester, where the 25th Aero Squadron was assigned to the Romsey Rest Camp. Training in England: At Winchester, it was learned that the squadron would be assigned to the British Royal Flying Corps for advanced training before being sent to the front in France. It boarded a train, first proceeding to London, then changing there, took another train to Scotland, arriving at RFC Ayr at 9:00am on 31 January. At Ayr, the squadron was assigned to the #1 School of Aerial Fighting. After several weeks of intense training by the RFC, the British trainers determined that the squadron was perfectly capable of doing the work they were assigned. The men were divided into different flights, and were given the assignments of maintaining Sopwith Pups, Sopwith Camels, SE.5s, Sopwith Dolphins, French SPADs, Avro 504s, Bristol Fighters and Bristol monoplanes. Also a captured German Albatros was sent there for instructional purposes. On 23 April, the squadron was ordered to proceed to the #2 School of Aerial Fighting, RFC Marske-by-the-Sea, England for further training. There, given the scarcity of British aircraft mechanics, a large majority of the men of the 25th were pressed into service to support the station's operations. Finally, in early August, the squadron, being eager to get to the front, was ordered to proceed to France, leaving on 7 August for the Romney Rest Camp at Winchester. However, due to delays, the 25th did not reach the port of Le Havre until the afternoon of 16 August. Western Front: After several days at Rest Camp #4, the 25th Aero Squadron boarded a French troop train bound for the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks on 18 August for equipping, and personnel processing. Then on the 27th, it moved again to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, arriving on the 29th. There, the squadron went back to performing the same work it was doing at Kelly Field, that of ten hours of fatigue work each day, unloading steel from cars and placing it in piles. It continued this until 16 September when they departed for the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome.  At Colombey the squadron was finally classified as a Pursuit Squadron, and also began to receive pursuit pilots. Many of the pilots had been trained in England and had been attached to British squadrons, flying Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s over the lines. During its time in England, the 25th had gained much experience in maintaining S.E.5s, and it was delighted to learn it would be the first American Squadron to be equipped with the British aircraft. However, the S.E.5s which it would be equipped with were intended to be fitted with American license-built Hispano-Suiza 8 engines manufactured by Wright Aeronautical. The planes were being assembled by the Austin Motor Company, in Birmingham and Coventry, England and several flying officers were sent to England to ferry the planes to the front. However, this did not proceed as quickly as was hoped, as delays in the delivery of the aircraft in England and with one aircraft being flown to the American Air Acceptance Park #1 at Orly Field, it was held for an engine overhaul, a thorough examination and it needed to be equipped with armament.  On 24 October, the squadron was moved to Croix de Metz Aerodrome, near Toul, where the squadron was assigned to the Second Army Air Service, 4th Pursuit Group. The 141st Aero Squadron of the group was already operating over the lines with SPAD XIIIs, but the 25th was still awaiting aircraft. The next ten days were spent on camp duty awaiting the problems with its aircraft being sorted out. Finally, on 1 November, the first S.E.5 was delivered to the squadron, with the second aircraft being delivered the next day. Deliveries of the planes continued, although at a slow pace though November until the full complement of twenty-one planes was received by the end of the month. On 10 November, the 25th Aero Squadron made its first flight over the lines, joining with the 4th Pursuit Group in a hunting expedition in front of Metz, with many of the 25th's S.E. 5as missing their "overhead" mount Lewis machine guns. No enemy aircraft were seen, but the squadron bombed German targets in Metz with twenty-pound bombs each pilot carried on their lap. This patrol qualified the squadron as an aerial pursuit unit operating on the front. The morning of the 11th saw another patrol being made over the front, being in the air at the time of the Armistice with Germany. However, again no enemy aircraft were seen, no bombs dropped and no rounds were fired by the squadron. One of the 25th's new pilots flying on the 10th and 11th was Philadelphia-born Joseph E. "Child Yank" Boudwin, the former wingman of Royal Air Force ace pilot Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor, when both men (often with Hugh Saunders as the other wingman to Beauchamp-Proctor) flew S.E.5as with No. 84 Squadron RAF from Bertangles, in the summer of 1918.

Named Overseas Cap and Letter from General John S.D. Eisenhower,  son of President Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th U.S. President and 5 Star General. The letter was written in 1975 to a student named Edward Cabral of New Bedford Mass. "Dear Edward: Thank You for the kind letter. Your Teacher was right when she said that I am a little busy, but I don't receive many letters as nice as yours. I am glad to see that you take real interest in your school work. Maybe someday you will write history yourself. Sincerely, John S. D. Eisenhower". Along with the letter is a Officers grade overseas cap with a single five pointed Star denoting the rank of General. The General was also nice enough to sign his cap : "To Edward, John S.D. Eisenhower".  John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower (August 3, 1922 – December 21, 2013) was a United States Army officer, diplomat, and military historian. He was the second son of President Dwight D. Eisenhower and First Lady Mamie Eisenhower. His military career spanned from before, during, and after his father's presidency, and he left active duty in 1963 and then retired in 1974. From 1969 to 1971, Eisenhower served as United States Ambassador to Belgium during the administration of President Richard Nixon, who was previously his father's vice president and also father to Eisenhower's daughter-in-law. Military career: Eisenhower served in the U.S. Army during World War II and the Korean War, remaining on active duty until 1963; then serving in the U.S. Army Reserve until retirement in 1975 – attaining the rank of brigadier general.[5] A decorated soldier, Eisenhower found his World War II military career thwarted by fears for his safety and concern from the top brass that his death or capture would be a distraction to his father, the Supreme Allied Commander. During World War II, he was assigned to intelligence and administrative duties. This issue arose again in 1952 when Major Eisenhower was assigned to fight in a combat unit in Korea while his father ran for president. But unlike World War II, John was able to see combat in Korea.  After seeing combat with an infantry battalion, he was reassigned to the 3rd Division headquarters. Government career: During his father's presidency, Eisenhower served as Assistant Staff Secretary in the White House, on the Army's General Staff, and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster. In the administration of President Richard Nixon, who had been his father's vice president, he served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971. In 1972, President Nixon appointed Eisenhower chairman of the Interagency Classification Review Committee. In 1975, he served President Gerald Ford as chairman of the President's Advisory Committee on Refugees. Later life and writing: As a military historian, Eisenhower wrote several books, including The Bitter Woods, a study of the Battle of the Bulge, and So Far from God, a history of the Mexican–American War. In a New York Times review of the latter, historian Stephen W. Sears remarked that Eisenhower "writes briskly and authoritatively, and his judgments are worth reading."[9] Eisenhower wrote Zachary Taylor: The American Presidents Series: The 12th President, 1849–1850 (2008).[10][11] He also wrote the forewords to Borrowed Soldiers, by Mitchell Yockelson of the U.S. National Archives, and to Kenneth W. Rendell's Politics, War and Personality: 50 Iconic Documents of World War II. In later years, he had been an opponent of Frank Gehry's proposed design for the National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, which he said was "too extravagant" and "attempts to do too much."

Sculpture, bronze, George Washington (1732-1799) after Jean-Antoine Houdon (Versailles 1741 – Paris 1828). A copy of an eighteenth century bronze bust of George Washington by Jean Antoine Houdon 1741 - 1828. The back reads: Certificate and Oath New York City, N.Y.., May 6th, 1898. I, hereby certify and solemnly swear, that the bust upon which this certificate appears is a perfect reproduction of the Life-Cast Bust of WASHINGTON, cast and modeled from life at Mount Vernon, Va., in the year 1785, by the eminent French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon (see Washington's Diary, Oct. 12th, 1785,) The original Life-Cast bust is now owned by Miss Belle A. MacDonald of New York City. City, County and State of New York. The sculptor, well known to me personally, who by me being duly sworn, did depose and say, that he is the person described in and who signed the foregoing Certificate and Oath", and is signed by the Notary of the State of New York. The measurements of the bronze is 18 3/4 X 13 inches and is dated 1883. Excellent. George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was an American Founding Father, military officer, and politician who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Second Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army in 1775, Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and then served as president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which drafted the current Constitution of the United States. Washington has thus become commonly known as the "Father of his Country". Washington's first public office, from 1749 to 1750, was as surveyor of Culpeper County in the Colony of Virginia. He subsequently received military training and was assigned command of the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which appointed him commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. Washington led American forces to a decisive victory over the British in the Revolutionary War, leading the British to sign the Treaty of Paris, which acknowledged the sovereignty and independence of the United States. He resigned his commission in 1783 after the conclusion of the Revolutionary War. Washington played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously. As the first U.S. president, Washington implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry that emerged between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while additionally sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including republicanism, a peaceful transfer of power, the use of the title "Mr. President", and the two-term tradition. His 1796 farewell address became a preeminent statement on republicanism in which he wrote about the importance of national unity and the dangers that regionalism, partisanship, and foreign influence pose to it. Washington's image is an icon of American culture. He has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media depictions, geographical locations including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency. In 1976, Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of general of the Armies, the highest rank in the U.S. Army. Washington consistently ranks in both popular and scholarly polls as one of the greatest presidents in American history.

Lot of two items to include 1) WWII U.S. D-day INVASION ARMBAND FLAG BRASSARD WW2. Rare oilcloth armband, approx. 17 x 4 in., used by U.S. paratroopers during the D-Day invasion to identify themselves as Americans to the local populace and to approaching friendly forces. The armband bears a printed American flag, with two safety pins used to secure it around the wearer's arm. This armband is complete and in mint condition. 2) WWII RIGGER MADE JUMP TROUSERS. These officers grade trousers have had side pockets added. Tag has been washed out and is roughly a size 32. 1235-105

Trunk grouping of a WWII US Army Nurse Lucy Houck. The contents of the grouping are items from Nazareth High School Class of 1939, Holy Bibles, one in English named to her and the other in German. Scrapbook with postcards and photos of Lucy going through Nursing School. Yardlong Photos of her Graduation Class in Nursing School. Photograph Album of her time in the US Army from 1943 thru 1945. Small Red Cross Flag. Handmade Doilies. Box of loose insignia including collar insignia, buttons and ribbon bars. Three Caps size 22, one with her Officers insignia while the other is missing. Nurses Cape named to L.C. Houck. Officer Overcoat tailored by Schwartz with her initials and is also named.. M42 Jacket and Trousers liners. Searsucker Nurses Shirt size 14. Nurse Officers jacket with US and Nurse Corps collar insignia and two gold overseas stripes, size 12. Matching Skirt size 12R Nurse Officers jacket size 12R. Two White Dress Uniforms by Bob Evans size marked 8. Five Neck Ties in various colors. Red Cross Armband. Nurse Skull Caps and Gloves and a Scarf. Everything is housed in her named truck. Excellent.  Tens of thousands of American women served as military nurses during World War II. As members of the Army Nurse Corps, Navy Nurse Corps, and Cadet Nurse Corps, they cared for patients in Europe, the Pacific, and on the home front. Many of them risked their lives. When the Japanese Army occupied the Philippines, it captured 99 military nurses and held them as prisoners of war for three years. At the same time, nurses of color and their advocates, like Mabel Keaton Staupers, demanded an equal chance to practice their profession and serve their country.

Stellar WWII Pacific Theater Photo Album containing roughly 100 black and White Photos, Maps, and posters from the Pacific to include Several shots of Japanese Captured Flags with Kanji, insignia cut from either dead of POW's. The Veterans name was Staff Sergeant John R. Binford ASN 35 129 794. He served in New Guinea, Northern Solomons, Southern Philippines and Luzon Campaigns. There is a miniature of his DD-214 in the album as well which states he served in the 441st Counter Intelligence Corps. An early need for Military Intelligence investigators was apparent during the early stages of World War II. Colonel Thorpe, who later became Brigadier General Thorpe, obtained authority to recruit fifteen enlisted men from a replacement center and to train them in a special school which was established at Melbourne, Australia. On 25 August 1944 in Brisbane, Australia, the 441st Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment, and one subsection, the 319th Military Intelligence Company, was organized under TO&E 50-500. (It later became the 441st Military Intelligence Detachment (Airborne in 1966). The responsibility for the conduct of counter-intelligence operations within units or agencies of the United States Army in Australia was vested in the Commanding General, USAFIA (original counterpart of the United States Army Pacific). On 20 November 1944 the 441st Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) Detachment was reassigned to the New Guinea campaign with the following missions: Cryptographic and disaffection investigations, ship paneling and allied port security measures including the checking of native craft moving along the coast, investigation of incidents and sabotage cases, and provisions for the general security of installations. The detachment inaugurated a highly effective native police-boy system in cooperation with the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration. These youths contacted village chiefs, led reconnaissance patrols, helped interrogate native suspects, and assisted in special investigations and in maintaining an informant net. The balance of the New Guinea campaign saw a repetition of o previous actions by the 441st. The detachment landed at Noemfoor Island, Sansapor, New Britain, and Morotai. On the eve of the invasion of Leyte Gulf, the 441st could look back on ten months of 1944 during which its officers, agents and other CIC detachments from other units had functioned in staging, combat, and post-operational phases with 15 divisions, one special task force, one regimental combat team, four corps, and two armies. On 13 March 1945 operations of the 441st Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment in the Philippines commenced with the attack on Leyte Province. More than 20 CIC Officers,and Agents, in addition to attached Filipinos, landed on D-Day with elements of the 6th Army, and 24th Corps, 7th, 24th, 96th and 1st Cavalry Divisions. The civilian situation in Dulag was critical and the detachment spent the first few days interrogating persons in the civilian enclosure. Considerable time was also spent contacting guerrillas and gathering tactical and counterintelligence information. A meeting with representatives of the Philippine Commonwealth resulted in all potential political appointees being checked by CIC prior to their appointment. This clearance procedure included all constabulary personnel and municipal officials, thus giving CIC, at the outset, firm and reliable control over appointees. Experience gained in Leyte made the CIC better prepared than ever for the ensuing operations on Luzon and other islands of the Philippines. The first CIC personnel landed on Luzon, D-Day, 6 January 1945. Within three hours after the initial assault, troops had forged a beachhead along Lingayen Gulf Coast of Panagasenan Province. By D-Plus-2, nine CIC combat detachments with a complement of 22 officers, and more than 100 agents, exclusive of attached Filipino personnel, were in full operation. As in the Leyte Campaign, control of the movement of civilians was a major problem. CIC roadblocks established at strategic points proved an effective means of screening natives and provided a safeguard against infiltration by Japanese soldiers impersonating as Filipino civilians. CIC operations spread from island to island in the Philippine chain as the activity of the corps mushroomed. During March 1945, under combat conditions, 4,140 security cases were handled. The majority of the cases were possible collaboration and loyalty checks for prospective Philippine officials. For gallantry in action and meritorious service rendered to tactical units with whom they were assigned during all campaigns up to and including the Philippine campaign, officers and agents of the CIC were awarded two legions of merit, two silver stars, forty-six bronze stars, one soldier's medal and thirteen purple hearts. As the Philippine campaign drew to a close, attention was focused on the CIC, because, for the first time, American forces would be coming into direct contact with Japanese citizens in their homeland. The battle of Okinawa opened with the initial assault on 1 April 1945. Fourteen CIC agents lost their lives in support of the Okinawan operation. Overall, the CIC conducted its mission with great skill and appreciation of the potentially explosive situation on Japanese home territory. Training and planning were under way for CIC participation in operation "Olympic" and "Coronet", the invasion of the Japanese homeland, when VJ-Day came. Armies, corps and divisions that were geared for combat moved into Japan to occupy it peacefully. CIC detachments accompanied the tactical units into mainland Japan, but their mission was not clear, since no one knew how the Japanese public would react to the American occupation. The 80th Metropolitan CIC detachment landed at Yokohama on 2 September 1945 and advanced elements of the 441st CIC detachment on 15 September 1945. The 441st CIC detachment entered Tokyo and officially set up headquarters. On 26 September 1945, I Corps units landed at Wakayama, accompanied by a CIC detachment which moved into Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, and other Japanese cities. By 1 November 1945, it was apparent that the occupation was to be peaceful, and CIC detachments were detached from combat units and set up on a regional and area basis. HISTORY OF THE 441ST COUNTER INTELLIGENCE CORPS DETACHMENT DURING THE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN: At the end of World War II, the 441st Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) Detachment was assigned to Japan. Along with the 319th MI Company, the 441st proved to be the most important operating agency of the Civil Intelligence Section. These two organizations formed the major investigating agencies in the field. The missions included: covering foreign espionage, treason, sabotage, sedition, subversive actions, security violations, and any act inimical to the policies of the occupation forces. Early occupation problems were caused by the wide, pendulum-like swings which occurred in the power of CIC. When an incident took place, extremely restrictive directives were issued on a case by case basis. Finally, the organization was able to compile and publish a policy guide which enabled the lower echelons of the CIC to become thoroughly knowledgeable in official policies on a wide variety of subjects. In the interests of efficiency, and to prevent overlapping with other agencies, activities of CIC were limited to: surveillance of subversive activities, individuals, or ideological movements, national or foreign, that had an adverse effect on the purposes and objectives of the occupation; and to intensify security surveillance under the general intent of counter espionage. This clarification of the mission eliminated an unaccountable number of criminal investigations and other irregularities, not of a counterintelligence nature, with which CIC had found itself involved. While the basic plan of having a CIC unit in each prefecture had remained constant, administrative control of such units was maintained at Corps level. When I and IX Corps were located in Kyoto and Sendai, CIC had its regional headquarters in the same cities. The reorganization of the CIC from a combat support unit to an occupation agency took considerable time since frequent rotation of personnel caused by demobilization reduced the overall continuity of the unit's effort. Such personnel turmoil necessitated extensive procurement and training of inexperienced personnel. Major problems included the standardization of operating procedures and centralization of operational control. Based on long personal contact with individual tactical commanders and G2s', the CIC had considerable difficulty in interpreting directives from higher and more remote commands. With the planned deactivation of the two corps' headquarters, the CIC regional headquarters were eliminated and liaison officers temporarily placed at corps headquarters pending the deactivation. The existing CIC districts, formed during the major reorganization of September 1948, evolved as major subordinate headquarters. At first there were seven districts. First District included the island of Kyushu and part of southern Honshu, an area which roughly comprised the area of operations of the 24th Infantry Division. The Second District included part of southern Honshu and the island of Shikoku, an area generally under the control of British Commonwealth occupation forces. Third District covered south-central Honshu in another area controlled by the 24th Infantry Division. Fourth District took in that area of Central Honshu controlled by the 1st Cavalry Division, less the Tokyo metropolitan area and Kanagawa (Yokohama) prefecture. Fifth District controlled northern Honshu while Sixth District supervised the island of Hokkaido; both of these areas were under the control of the 7th Infantry Division. The 7th, known as Tokyo-Kanagawa District, operated in close con junction with Headquarters, 441st, until September 1949 when the District was split into two areas. Later these two areas became the 7th and 8th Districts, respectively. Under each of the first five districts, there was one counterintelligence corps area, corresponding to each prefecture in the district.  In Hokkaido, which was regarded by the Japanese as more a territory or colony than a prefecture, sixth District maintained offices in the principal cities. In March 1951 there were eight districts and 50 CIC areas or sub-areas. After considerable study, an overall reorganization of the 441st CIC detachment was completed, using TO&E 30-500, with change 3, dated 15 September 1948. This reorganization was finally approved by the Department of the Army, and became effective 1 March 1950 under authority published in General Order 16, Headquarters, and Service Group, GNQ, FFC, dated 24 February 1950.

This Named, Major General's Martin Morin Uniform Grouping  is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville Va. The grouping consist if his named Olive Green Jacket size medium. The uniform is adorned with XX Corps Patch and 9th Infantry Division of which he commanded. On the Collar are Two Star General Rank Insignia. The chest bears his name tag that reads Morin as well as a cloth Combat Infantry Badge and U.S. Army Tape. The trousers are marked Regular Small. The US Army Ridgeway Fatigue Cap has his two star Generals insignia to the front. and is size marked 7 1/2. Black Leather Combat Boots size marked 10. Framed photo of the General measuring 10 X 12 inches. Framed Certificate of Retirement. Name Plate. Copies of his 201 File. The grouping came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Martin Joseph Morin ( April 9, 1906 in Pittsburgh , Allegheny County , Pennsylvania ; February 18, 1993 in Columbus , Franklin County , Ohio ) was a major general in the United States Army . Among other positions, he was commander of the 9th Infantry Division . Martin Morin was a son of Congressman John M. Morin (1868–1942) and his wife Eleanor C. Hickey (1876–1925). From 1923 to 1927 he attended the United States Military Academy at West Point . After graduating, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the infantry. In the army, he then rose through all officer ranks from lieutenant to two-star general. In the years before World War II, he served in various units and locations as is usual for officers of the respective ranks. This also included duties as a staff officer in various headquarters. In addition to locations in the continental United States, he was stationed in Paris in France , Hawaii and the Philippines . At the beginning of the Second World War, Martin Morin served in the 2nd Panzer Division . During the course of the war, he was a member of this division or its sub-units. Among other things, he commanded a tank battalion. Morin was deployed with his division in North Africa and in the landing in Sicily. Later, on June 9 (three days after the start of the operation), he took part in the landing in Normandy . His division then advanced through France into Germany. After the war, Morin became a staff officer at the Pentagon , where he worked in the Intelligence Division. He then joined the faculty of the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth until 1949. He was then transferred to Germany, where he also worked in the Intelligence Division of what was then EUCOM. He was subsequently given command of the 26th Infantry Regiment stationed in Bamberg . He then returned to the G2 (Intelligence) Division of the Army Department .In 1954, he was promoted to brigadier general , which gave him the rank of general. He was then transferred to the staff of the 24th Infantry Division , where he was part of an advisory group for the South Korean military. This was followed by a transfer to Fort Hayes in Ohio, where he commanded the XX (Reserve) Corps for a time. In March 1958, Martin Morin took command of the 9th Infantry Division, which was then stationed at Fort Carson in Colorado. He held this position until April 1959. He was then transferred to Ankara, Turkey, where Morin was Chief of the Joint United States Military Mission for Aid to Turkey. In 1962, he became a staff officer at NATO in Paris. He retired in June 1964. Martin Morin died on February 18, 1993 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Originally designed in 1943, the M2 flamethrower variant was used extensively in the Pacific Theater in World War II. This example, an M2A1 variant, was the Korean War era successor to the M2, with improvements to the valves, regulators, and capacity. This example is fitted with the M2-2 style "hourglass" shaped backpack frame. These weapons were used extensively in Operation Commando to dislodge North Korean / Chinese forces from heavily fortified positions in October of 1951. The wand of this example was manufactured by Chemical Corps U.S.A. and has the standard markings on the brass tag mounted on the front right as well as the lot number "RED.418/6/54". Two sections of hose are included. The backpack unit has the previously stated "hourglass" frame with canvas back pad, two fuel tanks with round vented fuel caps, and a central pressure tank along with an unused box of thickener. Excellent. Retains 85% plus of an applied OD green finish with some scattered minor patches of wear/flaking and some patches of mild oxidation on the backpack frame. Mechanically tested and used by the AAF Tank Museum with plenty of videos that show them firing this weapon. The Flamethrower came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Two attractive 60MM Mortar shell lamps made from shells dating to WWII. Both have been chromed and still retain their original shades, both are excellent. History: During the late 1920s, the US Army began examining mortars to act as a light infantry support weapon. The War Department eventually settled on a 60 mm design from Edgar Brandt, a French ordnance engineer, and purchased a license to build the weapon. The model was standardized as the mortar, 60 mm M2. Testing took place in the late 1930s, and the first order for 1,500 M2 mortars was placed in January 1940. The weapon was used throughout World War II by the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. It saw service again in the Korean War, and by French forces in their counterinsurgency campaigns in Indochina and Algeria. It was used under designation m/952 by Portugal during the Portuguese Colonial War.[4] During the Vietnam War, the M2 was again used by the U.S. Army and marines, as well as by South Vietnamese forces. Ultimately, the M2 was replaced by the M224 in 1978.

SERIAL NUMBER: 71901. BARREL: 55". MANUFACTURED: 1940S. Used by both sides during WW2, being a staple on U.S. Navy warships. This example was made by General Motors (GM), during WW2, for the U.S. Navy, with ship/anchor proofs throughout. The frame is marked "MK II", with the barrel being marked "MARK 4/MOD 1. Gun is a cutaway model, intended for class room cut away and training. Parkerized/arsenal black finish throughout. Includes shoulder braces, 4 leg mount and 60 round drum. CONDITION: Metal is very good overall, with light wear and signs of handling. Some spots of cleaned surface rust on the barrel. Shoulder braces have heavy wear and deterioration to the rubber bumpers.Magazine and mount are excellent. Very unique item, perfect for any man cave! NOTE: This item is a class room cutaway and no attempt should be made to use/fire it. Item will require pickup or third party shipping. The Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

The M6, M6A1 and M6A2 are a series of metal-cased, circular, heavy anti-tank landmines produced by the United States from May 1944 to May 1945. Work on the M6 mine began in 1943, after the campaigns in North Africa. Testing had revealed the smaller M1 mine, filled with 2.70 kilograms (6.0 lb) of TNT, had difficulties breaking the tracks of heavy tanks such as the Tiger I, and it was desired that in addition to correcting technical defects with the M1, a heavy mine similar to the German Teller mine (with 5.5 kilograms (12 lb) of explosives) be available to American forces. After correction of defects in the T6E1, contracts were issued before the mine was standardized, and it began production in May 1944. The T6E1 was standardized as the M6 in September 1944. Because of a lessening need for antitank mines as the Allies went on the offensive in 1944, the T6E1/M6 was not deployed to the European theater.[1] They were superseded in service after WWII by the larger M15 mine. The mine is normally painted olive green and has a large central pressure plate. In the center of the pressure plate is an arming plug that has an arming lever with three settings: ARMED, DANGER and SAFE. The pressure plate rests on a concertina-like structure, which when enough force is applied is compressed. Compression results in a transfer plate under the arming plug pressing downwards onto a belleville spring which inverts, flipping the firing pin into the detonator, which triggers the adjacent explosive booster and main explosive charge. The mine is fitted with two secondary fuze wells on the side and bottom to enable anti-handling devices to be fitted. The M6 and M6A1 variants were fitted with chemical fuzes, the M600 and M601, the later M6A2 used the mechanical M603 fuze. The mines are found in Angola, Cyprus, Korea, Lebanon, Rwanda, Thailand, the Western Sahara, although these may in fact have been M15 mines that were misidentified.

Inert M2A4 Anti Personnel Mine in excellent condition still retaining the original fuse assembly. Excellent. The M2 is a United States bounding anti-personnel mine used during World War II. A number of variants of the mine were produced and although the mine is no longer in US service, it can be found in Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Korea, Laos, Oman, Rwanda, Tunisia and the Western Sahara. Copies of the mine were produced by Belgium (as the PRB M966), Pakistan (P7), Portugal (M/966) and Taiwan. The mine consists of a cylindrical steel main body containing a 60 millimeter mortar shell body (originally the M49A2), linked to a tall thin fuse stand. The fuze stand held either a pin based tripwire fuze or a combination pressure tripwire fuze with a pronged pressure cap. Later fuzes were sensitive to pressure or pull and could be used with a tripwire. When the mine is triggered a black powder charge launches the mortar shell out of the main body of the mine and into the air. A pyrotechnic delay fuse triggers the mine when it has risen to between two and three meters in height. The lethal radius of the mine is reported to be approximately ten meters.

Totally inert and demilitarized according to BATF guidelines with hollow body and inert fuse. This mortar round cannot be converted to an explosive devise and is not available for export. The M83 Illuminating Cartridge (ILL) was a pyrotechnic parachute flare shell used in night missions requiring illumination for assistance in observation. This is a hard to find Vietnam Era 1933 Dated example designed for use with the U.S. 60mm M2 Mortar. This example is offered in very good condition with a 1974 dated fuse. Excellent. History: During the late 1920s, the US Army began examining mortars to act as a light infantry support weapon. The War Department eventually settled on a 60 mm design from Edgar Brandt, a French ordnance engineer, and purchased a license to build the weapon. The model was standardized as the mortar, 60 mm M2. Testing took place in the late 1930s, and the first order for 1,500 M2 mortars was placed in January 1940. The weapon was used throughout World War II by the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. It saw service again in the Korean War, and by French forces in their counterinsurgency campaigns in Indochina and Algeria. It was used under designation m/952 by Portugal during the Portuguese Colonial War.[4] During the Vietnam War, the M2 was again used by the U.S. Army and marines, as well as by South Vietnamese forces. Ultimately, the M2 was replaced by the M224 in 1978.

Rare FGM 77A Heat Round by McDonnell Douglas in excellent condition and is completely inert. Excellent. The FGM-77 Dragon was the first man-portable anti-tank guided missile deployed by the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. It was retired during the late 1990s, and replaced by the FGM-148 Javelin. In the early 1960s, the U.S. Army established the MAW (Medium Anti-Tank/Assault Weapon) program based on a proposal by Douglas. In 1964/65, the U.S. Army evaluated the design and guidance concept for the MAW missile, and in February 1966, McDonnell Douglas was awarded a development contract for the MAW. The MAW system was designated as Weapon System, Anti-Tank, XM47. In 1967, the designations XFGM-77A and XFTM-77A were allocated to the projected tactical and training variants of the missile, and the name Dragon was assigned. The first guided test flight of an XFGM-77A succeeded in December 1967, and in July 1968, the first guided shot from the portable launcher occurred. During 1970/71, a thermal imaging night sight was developed for Dragon. In March 1972, the first production contract for Dragon was awarded, and in February 1973, the Dragon was classified as standard equipment. The latter action changed the designation of the weapon system to M47, and those of the tactical and training rounds to FGM-77A and FTM-77A, respectively. In January 1975, the Dragon missiles were first delivered to operational Army and Marine Corps units. Missile production was subsequently shared between McDonnell Douglas and Raytheon. The FGM-77A missile rounds were delivered to the troops complete with the expendable launchers. The operator attached the reusable Kollsman SU-36/P optical/IR sighting and tracking unit to the launch tube, and then acquired a target in the telescopic sight. After the missile was launched from the closed tube by a solid-fuel ejection charge, the operator had to keep the cross-hairs in his sight on target. The tracking and control unit would then sent corrective commands through the guidance wire, which was spooled out from the back of the missile. The Dragon missile was stabilized in flight by three flip-out tail fins, and controlled by multiple pairs of small rocket motors on the side of the fuselage. The maximum range of 1000 m (3300 ft) was determined by the length of the wire. The 2.45 kg (5.4 lb) linear shaped charge warhead detonated on impact, and could defeat up to 600 mm of armour. The carrying weight of a missile round, including the launcher but not the tracker, was about 15 kg (33 lb). In 1986, the USMC initiated the Dragon PIP (Product Improvement Program), to extend the useful service life of the missile. The U.S. Army did not participate in the PIP. The first step was the Dragon II, which has a new warhead designed to penetrate more modern types of armour. Beginning in 1988, all FGM-77A rounds of the USMC were converted to the new warhead. Some sources quote the designation FGM-77B for the Dragon II, but this may be unofficial. The second phase of the PIP, called Dragon III, was to be a missile with increased range (1500 m (4900 ft)), and an extendable nose probe with a precursor warhead to defeat reactive armour. However, the Dragon III program was cancelled in 1989. The Dragon missile system was used by the U.S. Army and Marine Corps during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. However, the missile was essentially obsolete then, and the drawbacks, including no protection for the operator and inability to defeat the most modern armour, became all too obvious. Production of the Dragon missiles was completed in 1981, after more than 200000 rounds had been built, including about 100000 for export. In 1997, CMS Inc. of Tampa, FL, purchased all rights on the Dragon system from McDonnell Douglas. The Dragon was phased out from 1996 on, being replaced by the FGM-148 Javelin missile. It is possible that there is still a residual stock of Dragon systems in the Army and/or Marine Corps inventory.

Lot of Vietnam era Mine Grenade and Smoke Grenades to include 1) APERS M18 MINE INERT. The Claymore mine is a directional anti-personnel mine developed for the United States Armed Forces. Its inventor, Norman MacLeod, named the mine after a large medieval Scottish sword. Unlike a conventional land mine, the Claymore may be command-detonated (fired by remote-control), and is directional, shooting a wide pattern of metal balls into a kill zone. The Claymore can also be activated by a booby-trap tripwire firing system for use in area denial operations. The Claymore fires steel balls out to about 100 m (110 yd) within a 60° arc in front of the device. It is used primarily in ambushes and as an anti-infiltration device against enemy infantry. It is also used against unarmored vehicles. Many countries have developed and used mines like the Claymore. Examples include models MON-50, MON-90, MON-100, and MON-200 introduced by the Soviet Union and used by its successor Russia, as well as MRUD (Serbia), MAPED F1 (France), and Mini MS-803 (South Africa). 2) FLARE SURFACE TRIP M49A1 INERT.  A tripflare is a device used by military forces to secure an area and to guard against infiltration. It consists of tripwire around the area, linked to one or more flares. When the tripwire is triggered, as by someone unsuspectingly disturbing it, the flare is activated and begins burning. The light from the flare simultaneously warns that the perimeter may have been breached and also gives light for investigating. In defensive operations, tripflares are usually placed in predetermined kill zones with machine guns sighted on them. Construction: United States military tripflares are issued with a fuze resembling that found on the M67 grenade. The difference is that the tripflare uses a pull fuse. This type of fuse detonates the flare immediately following spoon release. Also the pin does not have either the ring, or the split pin of other grenades. Instead it is double ended, one end acts as a safety clipping into both sides of the fuse body, while the other side is a straight pin allowing for easy removal. The flare is shipped with a metal mounting bracket that allows the grenade shaped flare to be mounted on a stake, tree, or other vertical service. One end of the bracket has a point allowing it to be driven into the ground, while the other end has a spring loaded spoon holder that allows for two way release. The soldier installing the flare can use this feature to set up the tension so that if the trip wire is detected and cut the flare still ignites. 3) MK3A2 GRENADE INERT. The MK3 hand grenade is a cylindrical concussion grenade designed to produce casualties during close combat while minimizing danger to friendly personnel exposed in the open owing to minimal fragmentation. There is a secondary fragmentation hazard though from rocks, gravel, wood splinters, glass, etc. The grenade is also used for concussion effects in enclosed areas, for blasting, or for demolition tasks. The shock waves (overpressure) produced by this grenade when used in enclosed areas are greater than those produced by the fragmentation grenade. It is, therefore, very effective used in an offensive role against enemy soldiers located in bunkers, buildings, and fortified areas. It is commonly known as the "concussion" or "demo" (from demolition) grenade. There are three variants: the basic MK3, the MK3A1, and the MK3A2. They differ in their construction and the type of fuze used. They were designated Mk III (Roman numbers) prior to 2 April 1945. The MK3A2 had a waterproof asphalt-impregnated fiberboard cylinder and its top and bottom were made from the same material. The top had a fuze well directly threaded in its center. It originally used the M6A4D fuze, which had a four to five second delay. This was later replaced with the updated M206 series fuze (currently using the M206A2), which was smokeless— and noiseless—burning and had a five-second delay. It contained an 8 oz. (~226.8 grams) TNT charge. It can be identified by its cylinder, which is in two halves and is secured in the middle with a wide black band. The yellow lettering is printed directly on the surface of the grenade and reads "Grenade Hand - Offensive MK3A2 - TNT". The grenades weighed in at 0.96 lbs. (~435.45 grams) They came packed in storage tubes in crates of 30 grenades.4) M18 YELLOW SMOKE GRENADE. The M18 was developed in 1942 during World War II and was completed in November of that year. It was designed to replace the M16 smoke grenade, which did not burn as long or as vividly. It was designated standard issue in the fall of 1943. Both were produced at the same time as the M16 production lines were already setup when the M18 was adopted. The M16 was available in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, and black. The M18 initially were going to be produced in the same colors, including white, but it was decided to limit it to four colors (red, yellow, green and violet) for simplicity. The M16 was declared limited standard in 1944 but was still available when it was declared obsolete in the early 1990s. The violet-colored smoke grenade was used in-theater because of its vivid color; previously it was only used in the United States for training. Its smoke was more toxic than the other color mixtures and was removed from the inventory after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. The green-colored smoke grenade was still used in Southeast Asia because the jungle undergrowth was a different color and would still contrast with it. It was discovered that the green smoke drove away swarming bees When a ground element popped smoke to identify its location to aircraft, the aircraft was not told the color, but told to identify the color they saw. This prevented the VC/NVA if monitoring the frequency from popping smoke of the same color to confuse the aircraft. For additional security the colors were sometimes identified as cherry (red), lime (green), lemon or banana (yellow), or grape (violet). 5) SIGNAL GROUND SMK CTG YELLOW M84 RIFLE SMOKE GRENADE INERT.  Rifle Yellow Smoke Streamer Grenade - These grenades are used only for signaling purposes. They produce green, red, violet or yellow smoke streamers. The M23 and M23A1 consist of three basic parts: a steel stabilizer tube assembly, a fuze and a body. The body is filled with a burning type smoke charge which contains a dye to color the smoke. The surfaces of the smoke charge within the body are coated with a starter mixture charge (to facilitate ignition). A small air hole opening in the nose is covered by a piece of tape (to protect the filler against moisture). The tape must be removed prior to firing. Measures approximately 9.5" long and 2" in diameter.

Original Vietnam Era Hydra 70 Rocket with Warhead. Rocket and engine have been demilitarized for training purposes and clearly stenciled INERT by the United States Military. These were fired from rocket pods attached to Huey UH-1B, and AH-1 Cobra Gunships during the Vietnam War in a surface-to-ground role. This particular Rocket is composed of an M-423 Fuze Assembly, a 2.75” High-Explosive FFAR warhead, and a Mark 66 Rocket Motor Assembly. Fuse is marked:  The MK66 Motor Assembly is still equipped with it’s original spring loaded stabilization fins. Weighs about 20 lbs and measures 48" in overall length with a 2.75" diameter.2".75 ROCKET MOTOR MKI INERT LOADED W. / W. D. N. PROPELLANT GRAIN MK 43 MODEL MOTOR METAL PARTS LOT NO. UNKNOWN This is an impressive piece of Vietnam Aviation Ordnance, which would be ideal as a centerpiece of a Vietnam Era aviation display.History of the Hydra-70 Rocket: The HYDRA 70 (70mm) Rocket System is a family of 2.75" unguided rockets.The 2.75 inch Folding-Fin. Aerial Rocket (FFAR) was originally developed by the US Navy for use as a free-flight aerial rocket in the late 1940s. Used during both the Korean and Vietnam wars, their role has expanded to include air-to-ground, ground-to-air, and ground-to-ground. The 2.75 inch rocket system has a rich history of providing close air support to ground forces from about 20 different firing platforms, both fixed-wing and armed helicopters, by all US armed services. When the requirements of this system were changed to a new air-to-ground role for fixed and rotary wing aircraft, new fuzing and warhead performance characteristics, as well as a modified motor for low speed aircraft became necessary. The HYDRA 70 family of rockets was designed to fill this role. The Hydra 70 rocket system is used by US Army Special Operations Forces, the US Marine Corps, the US Navy, and the US Air Force. The Hydra-70 rocket is fired from all armed Army Helicopters and the armed helicopters of most sister services. The rocket is also fired from many U.S. fixed wing platforms and is a major export munition to many allied nations. The Army's Hydra-70 PM at Rock Island, IL is assigned as the single item manager responsible for meeting the rocket needs of all users. Literally millions of these munitions were fired in Vietnam. Helicopters armed with HYDRA-70 rockets were also deployed in Operation Just Cause as well as Desert Storm. The APACHE helicopters that opened the air campaign by destroying two radar sites inside Iraq with HELLFIRE missiles also used HYDRA-70 rockets which hit and scattered thousands of razor-sharp flechettes across the sites. The 2.75-inch munitions also proved useful during the ground phase of the Gulf War. Members of the 2d Battalion, 229th Attack Helicopter Regiment from Fort Rucker, Alabama, used primarily 30-mm chain guns and 2.75-inch rockets against the fortified positions and large bunker complexes they encountered during the second day of the ground offensive. The war reserve unitary and cargo warheads are used for anti-materiel, anti-personnel, and suppression missions. The Hydra 70 family of Folding-Fin Aerial Rockets (FFAR) also includes smoke screening, illumination, and training warheads. These rockets are used by rotary, wing, fixed and ground platforms. The most widely used application is on helicopters for air-to-ground engagements. Currently, In the US Army, Hydra 70 rockets are fired from the AH-64A Apache/AH-64D Apache Longbow using M261 19-tube rocket launchers, and the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior and the AH-1F "modernized" Cobra using seven-tube M260 rocket launchers. The AH-1G Cobra and the UH-1B "Huey" used M200 19-tube rocket launchers. The Navy uses the 19 round LAU-61C/A and the seven round LAU-68 D/A rocket launchers.

MK-66 2.75 INCH Warhead Flechette WDU-4A/A and is inert measuring 54 1/2 inches. Excellent. The complete round consists of a warhead with an integral fuze and rocket motor. The warhead consists of 3 main parts: a nose section, a body, and an integral fuze. The nose section, a plastic cone bonded to a metal plate, is attached to the body by shear pins. The body is a hollow cylinder loaded with 20 grain flechettes. The most recently manufactured WDU-4A/A warheads contain three tracers for the purpose of assisting the pilot/gunner in identifing the beaten zone of the flechette impact pattern. Two semicylindrical sleeves retain the flechettes in place. A metal pusher plate is located just aft of the flechettes. The threaded end of the body is machined internally to accommodate a base-detonating (BD) fuze. c. The low-spin folding-fin aircraft rocket (LSFFAR) is an air-to-ground rocket primarily deployed from rotarywing and other low-speed aircraft. However, it is also used on Air Force and Navy jet aircraft restricted single in ripple fire and in a fire mode. The Mk 40 Mods 1 and 3 have integral bulkhead motor tubes whereas the Mk 40 Mod 0 has nonintegral bulkhead tube. The igniter of the Mod 3 motor differs from that of the Mods 0 and 1 motors in that the igniter has been modified to incorporate a carried, frangible case in lieu of the blowout plug. Also, the squib is located on the periphery instead of the center of the case. The rocket motor functions when current passes through the launcher firing contact to the igniter in the rocket motor. This current generates the heat necessary to initiate the igniter charge which ignites the propellant grain. Combustion gases from the burning propellant pressurizes the chamber and exhaust through the nozzle, providing the unequal forces required for rocket thrust. b. Functioning of the fuze sets off an expelling charge which forces the pusher plate, flechettes and semicylindrical sleeves forward. This shears the pins attaching the nose cone to the body and expels the flechettes into the slipstream ahead of the rocket.

This bomb is totally inert and deactivated following guidelines provided by the ATF. This example is offered in excellent condition with original markings and paint. It cannot be converted to an explosive device and is not available for export. This is a wonderful example of a U.S. Korean War Air Forces deactivated AN-M41A1 fragmentation anti-personnel bomb, complete with the original tail and AN-M110A1 fuze. These were used against enemy forces in fixed fighting positions and exposed ground troops during the war. The design employs a unique spiral shrapnel design with a "spinning" propeller fuze, which arms the bomb during descent. It features both body and fin position rack loops for use in clusters or single mountings on close-combat aircraft. The bomb still has the original green paint, and has stenciled markings on the side: FRAG.HE  AN-M41A1 WG 9-52. The nose fuze also has the correct markings on the side: NOSE BOMB FUZE AN-M110A1 Overall it measures 22 1/2 inches long and just over 5 inches wide. Condition is very good, and both the fuze and tail fin assembly can still be removed easily. The fuze also still has the collar to prevent the fuze plunger from being pushed in accidentally. A really great example, ready to add to your collection and display!

Excellent condition 90R COMP B CTG M371 A2 Shell that is completely INERT. Shell measures 27 1/2 inches tall. This is the American 90mm M371, a High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT), fin-stabilised projectile. The M371A1 is a fixed round with the carbon steel and aluminium projectile rigidly secured to the aluminium cartridge case. The projectile holds a Shaped-Charge (SC) of Comp B contained in a copper cone. In front of this is a stand-off spike threaded onto the body containing a piezoelectric element and a paper insulating cup. Threaded onto the base is an aluminium adaptor which also has a PIBD M530 or M530A1 fuze. The adaptor is threaded to a hollow perforated boom assembly with six T-shaped tailfins. On firing, the burning propellent gases force the projectile along the barrel and off the rupture disc from the base of the cartridge case, so that recoil can be minimised by the controlled pressure relief of the gases through apertures in the breech block. Once in flight, the projectile is stabilised by the fin assembly until it impacts with a target. The piezoelectric element then functions to trigger the PIBD fuze while the stand-off spike provides the optimum distance for the Shaped-Charge (SC) to operate.

Framed art print titled In Defense Of The Reich by Nicolas Trudgian measuring 28 1/2 X 36 inches and is triple matted and comes with the Certificate of Authenticity. Excellent. Adolf Galland scrambles a flight of Me262 jets from his famous JV44 from their airfield in Munich, to intercept and in-coming USAAF heavy bomber raid, during the final stages of the Battle for Germany. The legend of Willie Messerschmitt’s Me262, and the elite fighter Aces who piloted this revolutionary jet aircraft, is as secure as any born during the Second World War. As they hurtled into the air, climbing at speeds hitherto unknown, a small group of seasoned pilots heralded a new generation of combat aircraft that would extend into the 21st Century. At the spearhead of this era in combat flying was the mercurial fighter leader Adolf Galland. Sacked for opposing the naïve tactics of Luftwaffe supremo Hermann Goering, Galland found himself, as a General, once again leading a squadron of fighters into battle. By this stage of WWII Galland and his pilots knew that the war was lost but they continued to fight against hopeless odds. Galland, by now removed from office by Goring, had recruited some of the most experienced aces to his “Squadron of Experts” – Barkhorn, Steinhoff and Bär all answered his call to arms, to create one of the most formidable fighting units ever assembled. Although too late to change the specter of imminent defeat, this tiny group of highly decorated Aces fought a courageous rearguard action during the final Defense of the Reich. Seen blasting off an airfield in Bavaria are four Me262s, led by General Adolf Galland. Glistening in the damp air, these sleek fighters are on full power in their rush to climb to altitude. Within minutes they will attack an incoming mass formation of B-17s and B-24s. Below, the roads and buildings reflect the sunlight between the scattered clouds of a departing storm. THE SIGNATURES: The Prints in this edition are personally signed by three legendary Aces who flew the Me262 Jet: Generalleutnant ADOLF GALLAND Knight’s Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords & Diamonds – JV44 / 104 victories (7 in the Me262) Hauptmann WALTER KRUPINSKI Knight’s Cross with Oak Leaves – JV44 / 197 victories Leutnant HERMANN BUCHNER Knight’s Cross – JG7 / 58 victories (12 in the Me262) 490-6074

Knights of the Eastern Front by Robert Taylor that is framed measuring 30 X 39 inches and is triple mounted in mint condition, signed by the artist and numbered 336 of 1250. Featuring Messerschmitt Me109Gs of JG-52, the most successful fighter wing of the Luftwaffe during World War II. Initially based in Germany, the Wing flew against the French before taking on the RAF Spitfires and Hurricanes in earnest during the battle for France and the Battle of Britain. During this intense period of air fighting the Wing lost many pilots and in October 1940 it withdrew to rebuild. After the fall of Crete, JG-52 assumed the first fighter role in Southern Russia and it was on the Russian Front that the Wing's greatest Aces notched up their substantial scores. Though conditions were often appalling, the pilots of JG-52 flew a tremendous number of missions. The Wing lost 678 of its aircrew in achieving 10,000 aerial victories during its campaign, sixty-seven pilots being awarded the Knights Cross or higher decorations. JG-52's top ten scoring fighter pilots achieved an astonishing 2286 aerial victories between them, and the only two Aces in history to destroy more than 300 enemy aircraft, Erich Hartmann and Gerhard Barkhorn, flew in this historic Fighter Wing. The Signatures: These six legendary pilots amassed a staggering total of 1,257 aerial victories between them, and every one was awarded the Knight’s Cross. Oberst ERICH HARTMANN KC WITH OAK LEAVES, SWORDS AND DIAMONDS Generalmajor DIETRICH HRABAK KC WITH OAK LEAVES Oberst HERBERT IHLEFELD KC WITH OAK LEAVES AND SWORDS Generalleutnant WALTER KRUPINSKI KC WITH OAK LEAVES Generalleutnant GÜNTHER RALL KC WITH OAK LEAVES AND SWORDS General JOHANNES 'MACKY' STEINHOFF KC WITH OAK LEAVES AND SWORDS 490-5941

Knights Cross print by Robert Taylor that is framed measuring 30 X 38 inches and is a rare limited edition individually signed by the highest scoring fighter ace in the history of aerial combat, Colonel Erich Hartmann. One name stands out above all others in the annuls of air fighting - Erich Hartmann. His prowess in combat became legend even before the course of World War II was run. His 352 aerial victories is a record that is never likely to be surpassed. As the deeds of the great aces of World War II become misted in time, his name above all. will be remembered for his astonishing record. Supreme flying skills with the courage and ability to push his aircraft to the very limit, were his trade mark. His method of attack was to approach at high speed and get in so close to his adversary 'that his aircraft filled my windshield' before firming his guns. This required great flying skill, considerable nerve and was not without its problems: On eight occasions Hartmann's own aircraft was brought down by the debris of his opposite number. Robert Taylor's dramatic limited edition 'Knights Cross' recreates one of the 'blond knight's' famous combats high over the Eastern Front. Depicting a typical high speed pass, Hartmann's Me109 has closed to within 100 meters of the Russian Ilyushin II, ignoring the stream of rear-facing machine gun fire, to nail his quarry with pin-point accuracy. The rear gunner is seen climbing over the side of the stricken aircraft to parachute to safety. Hartmann makes his cross decisive and effective and another victory is recorded for the world's greatest fighter ace. Robert Taylor's painting is both awesome and beautiful. With typical flair this supreme aviation artist brings the action to life in a majestic panorama high above the Russian Front. Colonel Erich Hartmann, who flew over 1400 combat missions and was awarded Germany's highest military honor, the Knight's Cross with oak leaves swords and diamonds, has individually signed this print. 490-4741

Lot of two art prints to include 1) This is the famous double signed "Brillanten am Himmel print signed by both Erich Hartmann and Adolf Galland. and also signed by the artist. Heinz Krebs. it is numbered 4 out of 1500. It is excellent plus condition with some very small nicks to high quality frame. Both of these pilots are gone and this makes an outstanding display piece. COA paperwork is affixed to the back of frame that measures 32 1/2 X 45 inches. Excellent. Also in the lot Adolf Galland Artist Proof 465/500 Limited Edition aviation print hand signed by the artist Donna J. Neary and Adolf Galland. Measures approx. 21 3/4" X 25 1/2" This comes from long term storage- is unframed and in excellent condition- has a piece of tape on the back side at the top It is rolled - please look carefully at all photos for best description and condition- this is the exact item you will receive. The sketch shows the soldier in his uniform with his medals, a heavy overcoat and a cigar in his mouth. In the upper right corner is his airplane and in the lower left corner is the emblem of the Mickey Mouse squadron he commanded. 490-6000

Black wool/rayon blend construction cap features fold down back and side panels with a downward scalloped front edge and forward sides and two metallic pebbled buttons to the front center. The buttons retain all of their original paint and have their original stitching. The top, crown edge is piped in bright, interwoven, silver/aluminum braiding. The front center of the cap has a machine woven national eagle in gray threads and a national tri-color cockade in black, white and red threads both mounted on a woven, black, rayon trapezoidal base. The insignia is machine stitched to the cap. The cap has an extended, cloth covered, forward visor with an internal, natural tan cardboard stiffener with a few breaks. Liner is nicely maker marked, size 59 and dated 1943. The Panzer Cap came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired. The M43 field cap was introduced for wear by all ranks on June 11TH 1943 as a replacement cap for the other field caps then in use. The design of the M43 field cap was based on the earlier M42 Feldmütze, (Overseas cap), and the Mountain Troopers Bergmütze, (Mountain Cap), with minor variations. The standard issue M43 field caps were constructed of field-grey material while a black version was introduced at the same time for Panzer personnel. Officer’s ranks were distinguished by piping on the crown of the cap with silver piping for the ranks of Leutnant to Oberst and gilt piping for General Officer’s ranks of Generalmajor to Generalfeldmarschall while EM/NCO’s caps were not piped. Further regulations also dictated that the buttons on the cap were also to be an indicator of rank with field-grey buttons for EM/NCO’s, silver for field and company grade officers and gilt for General’s ranks but this was not strictly adhered to. Officers and certain senior NCO ranks were responsible for purchasing their own caps and as a result were allotted a clothing allowance through the army’s Kleiderkasse, (Clothing Account), system. The Officers and certain senior NCO’s could choose to purchase their caps from the armed forces clothing depots or to privately purchase visor caps of higher quality. Although enlisted personnel were issued their caps from government supplies they were also permitted to purchase privately tailored caps although the price may have been restrictive. The German army originally adopted a slightly modified version of the NSDAP’s, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, (National Socialist German Worker’s Party), national eagle by order on February 17TH 1934, with instructions to have it applied to all steel helmets, visor caps, and tunics by May 1ST 1934. Regulations followed on October 30TH 1935 that stipulated the national eagle was also to be applied to all field caps. On March 14TH 1933 the Weimar Reichswehr, (National Defence Force, Circa 1919-1933), era oval black, red and gold cockade was replaced with a circular cockade in black, white, and red and was utilized through-out the Third Reich period.

U.S. Navy 3"/ 50 Deck gun, This round has seen service from 1900 to 1990. Projectile is 2 section steel with steel case. Markings on the bottom are as follows. KH LOT 36 5-1953 50 CAL. 3 INCH MK 9 with Navy Anchor.

BDU 33 A/B display bomb with *INERT* detonator. This ordnance was use heavily from early 1960s to the late 1980's as the training aid for the MK-82 High Explosive round. Has nice paint and tail fins are in great shape.

Three types of ordance form different times. A 2" cast shot from the 1800's to a MK BLU 59/B cluster bomb and a M22 37mm Simulator round for a Atwess Tow System.

There is a set of Trench Art made from browning 50 BMG ammo. 1- Large ash tray with wooden base, with a round in the middle. 2- Lighters made from 50 BMG rounds with Stainless Steel base. 1_ Salt shaker made from a 50 BMG round with a Brass base.

81 MM Mortar round with WP 3.5 marked on the body. Round it Gray and Green painted with light rust spots. WP marke is for WHITE PHOSPHORUS. Great item for your collection.

#1 - M385 PRATICE LOT 7-84 #2- M169 - M918 TP ACN91E030-017 #3- M407 TP-T PRATICE M212 #4- M118 MA-87M166-020 PBA-8 #5- M118 ACN-11-19-4-75 YELLOW SMOKE / GROUND MARKER - M716 #6- M74A1 SIMULATOR PROJECTILE AIR BURST AUG. 1963. #7- M662 RED STAR PARACHUTE FLARE #8- M585 WHITE STAR CLUSTER FLARE THIS WILL BE GREAT ADDITION TO YOUR COLLECTION!

#1- AN-MK-23-MOD.1 PAINTED RED #2-AN -MK-23 GRAY COLORED #3- BLU - 3/B - BOMB FRAG - BDU-28/B LOT LOP-1-3 11-66 These will be Great addition to your collcetion.

#1- FUSE BOMB MAU-87 D/B 23537 M9 NON DELAY 2-69. #2-#3 M775 PRATICE TIME DELAY FUSE #4 MK-25 MOD-3 ED 1946 TIME DELAY FUSE #5 M3 FIRING DEVICE #6 M60 IGNITER TIME BLASTING FUSE WEATHERPROOF

#1- 22MM PRATICE M745 BLUE TIP PRATICE ROUND #2- 30MM XM788 TRAINING ROUND #3- RIFLE GRENADE M9- HEAT- LOT 45 #4- M22-A2 RED SMOKE GRENADE 3-54 #5- CHARGE SUPPLEMENTARY TNT FOR ARTILLERY SHELL

The MK 80 Signal flare kit was manly used by the U.S. Navy Seal's and Naval Aviators. This Lot comes wit 8 flares and 2 launchers in good working order. The flare's are marked as follows. U.S. NAVY SIGNAL HAND FIRED MK 80 MOD O FSN: 1370-930-7746-X258.

US WW1 and WWII Campaign Visor Hat Lot to include 1) WWI US Army Officers Campaign Visor Hat by Stetson that is in remarkable condition size 7 2) WWII Cavalry Campaign Hat with Screwback DI Insignia and Cavalry Hat Cord size 7 1/8 3) WWII Major's of the Military Police Campaign Hat size 7 1/2 4) WWII Armored Division Campaign Hat size 7 1/4 5) Cavalry Campaign Hat roughly a size 7 With Screwback DI to the front 6) WW1 US Army Officers Campaign Hat that is named to the interior 7) Post WWII Blue US Army Officers Campaign Hat size 7. All are excellent

THIS IS RIGHT OUT SABILLISVILLE MD, ESTATE, THIS CANE WAS OWNED BY SECOND LIEUTENANT HENRY BEAN, CO. 1ST. MARYLAND INFANTRY, C.SA. FROM SAINT MARY'S COUNTY ENLISTED 6/15/1861 WOUNDED 6/8/1862 CROSS KEYS, VIRGINIA, WOUNDED IN FOOT. DIED 1903, BURIED LOUDOUN PARK CEMETERY BALTIMORE. CANE IS BEAUTIFULLY CARVED 1863-1893 GETTYSBURG PENNSYLVANIA, CO. I 1ST. MD. INF. LIEUT. H.H. BEAN, C.S.A MARYLAND, M.L.C.S.H PIKESVILLE, M.L.C.S.H. STANDS FOR MARYLAND LINE CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS HOME, BEAN CUT A UNION AND A CONFEDERATE GARDNER BULLET IN TACKED THEM ON TWO SIDES OF THE CANE, ALSO CARED ON CANE ARE EIGHT BATTLE FLAGS, 33" LONG, HISTORY OF THE PIKESVILLE SOLDIER'S HOME: The facility became the Maryland Line Confederate Soldiers' Home in Pikesville (Baltimore back to 1818, when it was a Federal Arsenal. In 1888 it was converted into a residence for soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil War, remaining in operation until 1932. A brochure published! in the 1890s describes it as providing the veterans with: "a haven of rest... to which they may re refuge, and, at the same time, lose none of their self-respect, nor suffer in the estimation of those experiences in life is more fortunate". At the time of its opening, the Maryland Line Confederate Soldiers' Home was a prominent festu Pikesville, which otherwise had only two dozen houses. The population of the home reached 139 a five and a half years of operation. A place of special pride at the home was the relle room, where! memorabilia were displayed along with portraits of Confederate military leaders including Harry Henry Little, Lloyd Tilghman, Isaac Trimble, William Murray, and Raphael Semmes.In Baltimore City, over 1000 Confederate soldiers are buried at Loudon Park Cemetery, 700 of the separate section. The Confederate Monument at the cemetery was created by sculptor F. Volck in Pennsylvania, the 2nd Maryland Infantry C.S.A. Monument on Culps Hill at Gettysburg Battlefic created by J.A. and W.T. Wilson and dedicated ca. 1886. Excellent. 2023-2894

Fantastic WWI Victory Loan Poster "The Victory Loan Flyers Watch For the Airplane Special". Approximately 20" x 30". Artist: Kate E. Watkins. Published by Sackett & Wilhelms Corporation, New York [1919]. Four U.S. military biplanes fly over a speeding train in NEAR MINT CONDITION.

High in the Arctic Circle a bitter war of attrition was fought in freezing, unforgiving conditions, the desperate conflict played out against a majestic, awe-inspiring backdrop of beautiful ice-clad mountains. Richard Taylor's spectacular new painting portrays the Me109s of 6./JG5 led by Oberleutnant Heinrich Ehrler, while based at Petsamo in Finland, as they soar high above the towering peaks of ice capped mountains glistening in the cold polar air, March 1943. Their dawn patrol keeps constant vigil along the glacial fjords of Norway's for-northern coastline, as the majestic vista gives the battle-hardened Me109 pilots a brief moment of tranquillity far removed from the grim and bitter battles being fought below. Richard's edition is signed by Luftwaffe fighter Aces who were on the Polar Front, including two of the top fighter Aces in history, guaranteeing this fine limited edition a place in the portfolios of all serious collectors. Signed by Unteroffizier GUNTHER KOLB & Major ERICH RUDORFFER, Frame measures 29 3/4 X 39 3/4 and is a limited edition print 197/350 Excellent with certificates. 490-5939

The Germans launched their attack on the Kursk salient on 5th July 1943, and for both sides this was maximum effort. The Soviets, however, informed by intelligence of the impending German attack, had ample time to prepare huge defensive works with hundreds of planned anti tank belts. They deployed 10 Tank Corps, 5 Tank Armies, 1 mechanised Corps and 14 Field Armies equipped with 4000 anti tank guns and 6000 tanks. The Soviet Air Forces were equally impressive - 2600 aircraft. The Germans, outnumbered in every department, were forced to scrape together whatever serviceable tanks they could from their badly under strength Panzer formations. Most of the tanks deployed were old Panzer IIIs or IVs, with only 147 Tigers available for action. The northern German attack made very little headway, but, in the south, the Germans had grouped all of the SS Panzer forces into the II SS Panzer Corps and these units, despite the enormous Soviet forces ranged against them, began to smash their way through the Soviet defences. The Luftwaffe too had brought together 1200 aircraft and these made an immediate impact on the fighting - on the first day alone German fighters broke up massive formations of Soviet aircraft, over 400 victories being claimed. Signed by 6 Aces and is numbered 106/150 with certificates 490-5940

As the war in Europe drew to its close, an elite group of Luftwaffe fighter pilots, undaunted by the overwhelming odds, heralded in the new Jet Age in a final desperate attempt to defend their homeland. All were veteran combat Aces, most having flown continually since the Battles of France and Britain almost six years earlier. Many had completed upwards of 1000 combat missions, and even as Germany was fast falling to the Allied advances, these remarkable men refused to accept defeat. Roaring off the airfields of southern Germany Willie Messerschmitt’s Me262 jet fighter was faster than anything that had flown before. Thrown into battle whilst still in development, the aircraft was a handful to fly, but in the hands of the most experienced fighter Aces the world has ever known, the Me262 was a force to be reckoned with. THE SIGNATURES: This stunning print is personally autographed by three of the most iconic Aces ever to fly the Me262: General ADOLF GALLAND Knight’s Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds – 104 victories Major ERICH RUDORFFER Knight’s Cross with Oak Leaves, and Swords – 222 victories Leutnant FRITZ TEGTMEIER Knight’s Cross – 146 victories. Frame measures 28 1/2 X 37 inches and has its certificates and is numbered 24/100 490-5942

The Storm Clouds Gather by Nicolas Trudgian features Me109Es of I.JG2 heading out over the English Channel. Me109s of I/JG2, under the command of the brilliant Helmut Wick, setting out on a mission across the English Channel in September 1940. Wick, seen in the foreground, with Gunther Seeger off his starboard wing, was the top-scoring Luftwaffe Ace in the Battle of Britain with 56 victories. The Portfolio Proof comes with a matching numbered Companion Print depicting the Me109 of Major Helmut Wick. It is double matted to include the original signature in pencil of Major Julius Meimberg who was in combat alongside Wick on the day that the Kommodore was shot down over the channel, 28 November, 1940. The Storm Clouds Gather - Portfolio Proof by Nicolas Trudgian is signed by two prominent Battle of Britain JG2 'Richthofen' Aces: Oberleutnant GUNTHER SEEGER Oberleutnant SIEGFRIED BETHKE plus the Companion Prints has the mounted signature of Major JULIUS MEIMBERG. Published in 2000 this print sold out some time ago and is becoming increasingly difficult to find. This copy is in mint condition and comes with the original Certificate of Authenticity. and is numbered 79/400 with a frame that measures 22X30 inches. 490-5937

Tigers in Normandy by Nicolas Trudgian. In their desperate attempt to hold Caen, the most important city in the Normandy campaign, Tiger tanks of SS-Panzer Battalion 103 push through the village of Maltot during the ebb and flow of the bitterly fought battle for Point 112, late July 1944. Overhead, Me1O9s of II./JG-26 give aerial support as the German armor makes a last ditch attempt to repel the advancing forces. The Battle for Point 112, a strategically positioned hill just a few miles south-west of Caen, was the scene of some of the most violent fighting between German and British armor, artillery, and ground troops during the weeks immediately following the D-Day invasion, in June 1944. Overall size: 27 1/4" x 37 1/4" numbered 527600 Limited edition Signed by three Panzer Commanders who fought in the Tiger tank in 1944. The Signatories: Oberstleutnant Alfred Rubbel Feldwebel Richard Scharzmann Unteroffizier Dr. Franz-Wilhelm Lochmann. 490-5945

WWI original aircraft on an art board that measures 26x20. Illustrated image measures 19x14.25. This particular aircraft is identified by the isustration book that was used "Golden Age of Aircraft" and is a  . Jerome Biederman was born February 1, 1913 in Braddock, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of Chicago’s American Academy Of Art. He maintained studios in Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Nashville during his career. This original Gouache watercolor illustration is of a US Curtiss Biplane and was part of a series of aviation paintings that Jerome did in 1975. His artwork routinely sells for over a thousand dollars and he is listed with Artifact with many of his artworks with a selling history. The prototype of the P-1, the XPW-8B, came about when the Air Service, which had selected the Boeing PW-9 over the PW-8 as its main production fighter, asked Curtiss to modify the last of its three original XPW-8 prototypes with wings resembling those of the PW-9. Curtiss designated the modified aircraft its Model 34A and returned it to the Air Service for evaluation, from which the service ordered it into production as the P-1. The first production P-1, serial number 25-410, was delivered on August 17, 1925, and was followed in successive years by the P-1B and P-1C variants with improved engines. The newest P-1 variants remained in operational service until 1930. The March 7, 1925 order for the P-1 also requested five aircraft with the more powerful 500 hp (373 kW) Curtiss V-1400 engine installed. These were completed in January 1926. The first (SN 25-420) was then modified with a turbocharger mounted on the right side of the fuselage nose, and whose turbine was driven by engine exhaust; the craft was designated XP-2. However, the Curtiss V-1400 engine did not perform up to expectations, with or without the supercharger, and so after a year in service, three of the standard P-2 Hawks had their engines replaced with the Curtiss D-12 and were consequently redesignated as P-1s. The fifth machine (25-243) received a Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine and became the XP-6. 93 production P-1s were brought into service in the P-1, P-1A, P-1B, and P-1C variants. 52 other P-1s, variants P-1D, P-1E, and P-1F, were made by conversion of other Hawk variants, primarily AT-4 and AT-5 trainers.The Artist "History will duly set aside the years 1900-1950 as the most momentous. Invention followed close upon the heels of invention...of all the bewildering and glittering array, few if any remotely approach in importance that role occupied by the ability and means to move...on the land, in the air, above and below the surface of the water," expressed Jerome D. Biederman. And few artists have been equally adept at capturing important vintage automobiles and other forms of transportation as this pioneering artist. "My final year in high school, I convinced myself that, above all else, I wanted to become an artist, and started a vigorous inquiry into every school of art within a thousand miles of my hometown Pittsburgh," Biederman wrote in his autobiography, published in the November-December 1970 issue of Horseless Carriage Gazette. He attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago. "The only entrance requirement consisted of artistic proof of one's ability, so I prepared a complete catalog featuring an imaginary automobile. Each page portrayed a separate model, each laboriously rendered in profile, all in full and glorious color. When this massive document was finally lashed together, it possessed all the weight and characteristics of a suitcase loaded with bricks. Thus, for better or worse, my artistic career was launched." Biederman graduated from the Academy in October 1932, and like many of his contemporaries, the rigors of the Depression meant that it took him three years to find a job in his field. "My introduction to the advertising world was a revelation akin to the opening of 1,000 doors," he wrote. "Such mysteries as art direction, layout, production, type, reproduction-all unfolded in rapid succession...I survived this routine for years, but slowly and inevitably had begun the realization that the artist must at some time look to specialization and away from generalization in order that he might achieve recognition, prominence, and even fame. In 1940, I departed the advertising affair for the calmer atmosphere of a studio. "I turned my full attention and energies to transportation vehicles...on/in the water, air and land," he continued. "Movement in its various forms has dominated my time, my thinking, and my life these past thirty years. In the years that followed, I did become known and my particular specialty recognized, but many detours were necessary, including art directorships, freelance artist, etc. As my exhibits became more numerous and my sells more regular, exposure of my efforts began to enter into commercial channels...calendars, prints, premiums, novelties, magazines, as well as other channels." As Biederman's expanding body of work was gaining him prominence, he began a relationship with the McCleery-Cumming Corporation in 1956; this calendar company retained the artist to create six paintings for each of their 1958 automobile calendars. He painted for the calendar company for 36 years, and in the first 31 of those years, 186 automobile paintings were printed without interruption. A total of 444 Biederman transportation paintings were published in McCleery-Cumming calendars by 1993. In addition to the calendars, Mr. Biederman's automotive paintings were featured prominently in Playboy magazine, Automobile Quarterly and Horseless Carriage Gazette. He retired at the age of 75, in 1988, and died in 1996. According to his widow, most of Biederman's paintings were done in tempera on heavyweight 20 x 30-inch illustration board. Calendar art averaged roughly 10 x 15 inches, depending on the subject. A substantial portion of Biederman's body of work remains intact, and most originals are available for purchase at $1,200 apiece. "It seems to me that despite the untold millions of devotees adherent to this, that and the other...the fundamental 'love affair' lies in and with the internal combustion engine, the good, bad or indifferent that surrounds it," Biederman wrote. "The combination of motor, wheels and body, has known, knows, and will experience moments of greatness, be they in performance, styling, concept, even flights of fancy."

WWI original aircraft on an art board that measures 26x20. Illustrated image measures 19x14.25. This particular aircraft is identified by the isustration book that was used "Golden Age of Aircraft" and is a  . Jerome Biederman was born February 1, 1913 in Braddock, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of Chicago’s American Academy Of Art. He maintained studios in Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Nashville during his career. This original Gouache watercolor illustration is of a Bristol F.2B Biplane and was part of a series of aviation paintings that Jerome did in 1975. His artwork routinely sells for over a thousand dollars and he is listed with Artifact with many of his artworks with a selling history. Bristol F.2B. Operational history: Days prior to Christmas 1916, the first deliveries of production F.2A Fighters were completed, 48 Squadron at Rendcomb being the first operational unit of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) to receive the type. On 8 March 1917, 48 Squadron was transferred to France in preparation for action on the Western Front; Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard was keen to get the F.2A Fighter and other new aircraft ready for the Second Battle of Arras, aiming to surprise German forces with a new type, and this led to restriction on its deployment prior to the battle to avoid alerting the Germans. The first offensive action that involved the F.2A Fighter crossing the frontline occurred on 5 April 1917, which had been timed to coincide with the British offensive at Arras. The very first F.2A patrol of six aircraft from 48 Squadron RFC, led by William Leefe Robinson VC, ran into five Albatros D.IIIs from Jasta 11 led by Manfred von Richthofen. Four out of the six F.2As were shot down – including that of Robinson, who was captured – and a fifth was badly damaged. Other early experiences with the F.2A Fighter contributed to doubts over its effectiveness. The month in which the type had been introduced to offensive operations became known as Bloody April; casualties were high throughout the RFC and the Bristol fighter proved to be no exception. Contemporary two-seater aircraft were far less nimble than fighter aircraft, and many types lacked the structural strength to carry out the aggressive manoeuvres needed for dogfighting. The first "Brisfit" aircrews were accustomed to the standard doctrine of maintaining formation and using the crossfire of the observers' guns to counter enemy fighter aircraft.Pilots soon realised that the Bristol Fighter was a strong and agile aircraft, capable of manoeuvring with single-seat fighters, despite some rumours that the type lacked the structural strength to be flown as a fighter. While its fixed forward-firing machine gun could be used as the primary weapon, the observer could use his flexible, rear-mounted gun to provide protection from attacks from the rear. Flown in this manner, the Bristol Fighter achieved a 'remarkable' level of success and proved to be a formidable opponent for German fighters. From May 1917 onwards, the definitive F.2B Fighter quickly supplanted the earlier F.2A model. In July 1917, the War Office decided to adopt the F.2B Fighter as the equipment of all fighter-reconnaissance squadrons, leading to a significant increase in production. Despite the issuing of contracts for further large batches of aircraft, it was apparent that the rate of production could not keep up with demand for the type. Perhaps one of the best known flying aces to use the type was Canadian Andrew McKeever, and his regular observer L. F. Powell. By the end of 1917 McKeever had accumulated 30 victories and Powell had achieved eight, while operating the Fighter. McKeever later became a flying instructor stationed in England before becoming the commanding officer of 1 Squadron of the new Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), where he continued to use the Fighter as his personal aircraft, which was later transferred to Canada. Near the end of the war, the Bristol Fighter was used in a pioneering new capability in the form of radio communications; 11 Squadron was the first such squadron to be equipped. Only the flight commander's Fighter would be equipped with a transmitter while others were outfitted with receivers, allowing for one-way communication of orders; as the trailing aerials employed needed to be wound in prior to aerial combat, this requirement reduced the usefulness of the system. The Fighter also participated in experiments held by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) into the use of parachutes, resulting in several aircraft being modified to carry static-line parachutes within the underside of the fuselage; these trials continued following the signing of the Armistice. In September and October 1917, orders for 1,600 F.2B Fighters were placed; by the end of the First World War, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had a total of 1,583 F.2Bs in squadron service; it was in service with six reconnaissance squadrons stationed in France and five Home Defence squadrons, while further squadrons operated the type in the Middle East and Italy. In total, 5,329 aircraft were eventually constructed, mostly by Bristol but also by Standard Motors, Armstrong Whitworth and even the Cunard Steamship Company. According to Bruce, by the time of the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the "Bristol Fighter ended the war supreme in its class" The Artist "History will duly set aside the years 1900-1950 as the most momentous. Invention followed close upon the heels of invention...of all the bewildering and glittering array, few if any remotely approach in importance that role occupied by the ability and means to move...on the land, in the air, above and below the surface of the water," expressed Jerome D. Biederman. And few artists have been equally adept at capturing important vintage automobiles and other forms of transportation as this pioneering artist. "My final year in high school, I convinced myself that, above all else, I wanted to become an artist, and started a vigorous inquiry into every school of art within a thousand miles of my hometown Pittsburgh," Biederman wrote in his autobiography, published in the November-December 1970 issue of Horseless Carriage Gazette. He attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago. "The only entrance requirement consisted of artistic proof of one's ability, so I prepared a complete catalog featuring an imaginary automobile. Each page portrayed a separate model, each laboriously rendered in profile, all in full and glorious color. When this massive document was finally lashed together, it possessed all the weight and characteristics of a suitcase loaded with bricks. Thus, for better or worse, my artistic career was launched." Biederman graduated from the Academy in October 1932, and like many of his contemporaries, the rigors of the Depression meant that it took him three years to find a job in his field. "My introduction to the advertising world was a revelation akin to the opening of 1,000 doors," he wrote. "Such mysteries as art direction, layout, production, type, reproduction-all unfolded in rapid succession...I survived this routine for years, but slowly and inevitably had begun the realization that the artist must at some time look to specialization and away from generalization in order that he might achieve recognition, prominence, and even fame. In 1940, I departed the advertising affair for the calmer atmosphere of a studio. "I turned my full attention and energies to transportation vehicles...on/in the water, air and land," he continued. "Movement in its various forms has dominated my time, my thinking, and my life these past thirty years. In the years that followed, I did become known and my particular specialty recognized, but many detours were necessary, including art directorships, freelance artist, etc. As my exhibits became more numerous and my sells more regular, exposure of my efforts began to enter into commercial channels...calendars, prints, premiums, novelties, magazines, as well as other channels." As Biederman's expanding body of work was gaining him prominence, he began a relationship with the McCleery-Cumming Corporation in 1956; this calendar company retained the artist to create six paintings for each of their 1958 automobile calendars. He painted for the calendar company for 36 years, and in the first 31 of those years, 186 automobile paintings were printed without interruption. A total of 444 Biederman transportation paintings were published in McCleery-Cumming calendars by 1993. In addition to the calendars, Mr. Biederman's automotive paintings were featured prominently in Playboy magazine, Automobile Quarterly and Horseless Carriage Gazette. He retired at the age of 75, in 1988, and died in 1996. According to his widow, most of Biederman's paintings were done in tempera on heavyweight 20 x 30-inch illustration board. Calendar art averaged roughly 10 x 15 inches, depending on the subject. A substantial portion of Biederman's body of work remains intact, and most originals are available for purchase at $1,200 apiece. "It seems to me that despite the untold millions of devotees adherent to this, that and the other...the fundamental 'love affair' lies in and with the internal combustion engine, the good, bad or indifferent that surrounds it," Biederman wrote. "The combination of motor, wheels and body, has known, knows, and will experience moments of greatness, be they in performance, styling, concept, even flights of fancy."

WWI original aircraft on an art board that measures 26x20. Illustrated image measures 19x14.25. This particular aircraft is identified by the isustration book that was used "Golden Age of Aircraft" and is a  . Jerome Biederman was born February 1, 1913 in Braddock, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of Chicago’s American Academy Of Art. He maintained studios in Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Nashville during his career. This original Gouache watercolor illustration is of a Sopwith Triplane and was part of a series of aviation paintings that Jerome did in 1975. His artwork routinely sells for over a thousand dollars and he is listed with Artifact with many of his artworks with a selling history. The Sopwith Triplane is a British single seat fighter aircraft designed and manufactured by the Sopwith Aviation Company during the First World War. It has the distinction of being the first military triplane to see operational service. The Triplane was developed by the firm's experimental department as a private venture, the project was headed by the designer Herbert Smith. Aside from its obvious difference in wing configuration, the aircraft shared many similarities with the company's successful biplane fighter, the Sopwith Pup. The prototype Triplane performed its maiden flight on 28 May 1916 and was dispatched to the French theatre two months later, where it garnered high praise for its exceptional rate of climb and high manoeuvrability. During late 1916, quantity production of the type commenced in response to orders received from the Admiralty. During early 1917, production examples of the Triplane arrived with Royal Naval Air Service squadrons. The Triplane rapidly proved to be capable of outstanding agility, and thus was quickly deemed to be a success amongst those squadrons that flew it. Praise for the type extended to opposing pilots; Imperial Germany extensively studied the Triplane via captured examples and produced numerous tri-winged aircraft shortly thereafter. Nevertheless, the Triplane was built in comparatively small numbers to that of the more conventional Sopwith Pup. It had been decided to withdraw the Triplane from active service as increasing numbers of the Sopwith Camel arrived in the latter half of 1917. Surviving Triplanes continued to serve as operational trainers and experimental aircraft until months following the end of the conflict.The Artist "History will duly set aside the years 1900-1950 as the most momentous. Invention followed close upon the heels of invention...of all the bewildering and glittering array, few if any remotely approach in importance that role occupied by the ability and means to move...on the land, in the air, above and below the surface of the water," expressed Jerome D. Biederman. And few artists have been equally adept at capturing important vintage automobiles and other forms of transportation as this pioneering artist. "My final year in high school, I convinced myself that, above all else, I wanted to become an artist, and started a vigorous inquiry into every school of art within a thousand miles of my hometown Pittsburgh," Biederman wrote in his autobiography, published in the November-December 1970 issue of Horseless Carriage Gazette. He attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago. "The only entrance requirement consisted of artistic proof of one's ability, so I prepared a complete catalog featuring an imaginary automobile. Each page portrayed a separate model, each laboriously rendered in profile, all in full and glorious color. When this massive document was finally lashed together, it possessed all the weight and characteristics of a suitcase loaded with bricks. Thus, for better or worse, my artistic career was launched." Biederman graduated from the Academy in October 1932, and like many of his contemporaries, the rigors of the Depression meant that it took him three years to find a job in his field. "My introduction to the advertising world was a revelation akin to the opening of 1,000 doors," he wrote. "Such mysteries as art direction, layout, production, type, reproduction-all unfolded in rapid succession...I survived this routine for years, but slowly and inevitably had begun the realization that the artist must at some time look to specialization and away from generalization in order that he might achieve recognition, prominence, and even fame. In 1940, I departed the advertising affair for the calmer atmosphere of a studio. "I turned my full attention and energies to transportation vehicles...on/in the water, air and land," he continued. "Movement in its various forms has dominated my time, my thinking, and my life these past thirty years. In the years that followed, I did become known and my particular specialty recognized, but many detours were necessary, including art directorships, freelance artist, etc. As my exhibits became more numerous and my sells more regular, exposure of my efforts began to enter into commercial channels...calendars, prints, premiums, novelties, magazines, as well as other channels." As Biederman's expanding body of work was gaining him prominence, he began a relationship with the McCleery-Cumming Corporation in 1956; this calendar company retained the artist to create six paintings for each of their 1958 automobile calendars. He painted for the calendar company for 36 years, and in the first 31 of those years, 186 automobile paintings were printed without interruption. A total of 444 Biederman transportation paintings were published in McCleery-Cumming calendars by 1993. In addition to the calendars, Mr. Biederman's automotive paintings were featured prominently in Playboy magazine, Automobile Quarterly and Horseless Carriage Gazette. He retired at the age of 75, in 1988, and died in 1996. According to his widow, most of Biederman's paintings were done in tempera on heavyweight 20 x 30-inch illustration board. Calendar art averaged roughly 10 x 15 inches, depending on the subject. A substantial portion of Biederman's body of work remains intact, and most originals are available for purchase at $1,200 apiece. "It seems to me that despite the untold millions of devotees adherent to this, that and the other...the fundamental 'love affair' lies in and with the internal combustion engine, the good, bad or indifferent that surrounds it," Biederman wrote. "The combination of motor, wheels and body, has known, knows, and will experience moments of greatness, be they in performance, styling, concept, even flights of fancy."

WWI original aircraft on an art board that measures 26x20. Illustrated image measures 19x14.25. This particular aircraft is identified by the isustration book that was used "Golden Age of Aircraft" and is a  . Jerome Biederman was born February 1, 1913 in Braddock, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of Chicago’s American Academy Of Art. He maintained studios in Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Nashville during his career. This original Gouache watercolor illustration is of a Italian Macchi M5 and was part of a series of aviation paintings that Jerome did in 1975. His artwork routinely sells for over a thousand dollars and he is listed with Artifact with many of his artworks with a selling history. Italian Macchi M5. Development: The first prototype of a single-seat sesquiplane fighter was the Type M which first flew in 1917. Developed by engineers Buzio and Calzavera it had a single-step hull and an open cockpit forward of the wings and was similar to the earlier Macchi M.3. It was followed by another prototype with a revised tail unit designated the Ma and further developed as the M bis and Ma bis. The production aircraft was designated the M.5 and like the prototypes was powered by a single Isotta Fraschini V.4B engine in pusher configuration. Deliveries soon commenced in the summer of 1917 to the Aviazione per la Regia Marina (Italian Navy Aviation). Late production aircraft had a more powerful Isotta Fraschini V.6 engine and redesigned wingtip floats, they were designated M.5 mod. Macchi produced 200 aircraft and another 44 were built by Società Aeronautica Italiana. Operational history: During World War I, the M.5 was operated by five Italian maritime patrol squadrons as a fighter and convoy escort, and some were embarked on the Regia Marina seaplane carrier Giuseppe Miraglia. Towards the end of World War I, M.5 aircraft were flown by both United States Navy and United States Marine Corps airmen. For his actions while flying an M.5 over the Adriatic Sea off the coast of Austria-Hungary on 21 August 1918, U.S. Navy Ensign Charles Hammann, an enlisted pilot at the time, received the first Medal of Honor awarded to a United States naval aviator. In 1923, when the Regia Aeronautica was formed, 65 M.5s were still in service, although they had all been scrapped within a few years. The Artist "History will duly set aside the years 1900-1950 as the most momentous. Invention followed close upon the heels of invention...of all the bewildering and glittering array, few if any remotely approach in importance that role occupied by the ability and means to move...on the land, in the air, above and below the surface of the water," expressed Jerome D. Biederman. And few artists have been equally adept at capturing important vintage automobiles and other forms of transportation as this pioneering artist. "My final year in high school, I convinced myself that, above all else, I wanted to become an artist, and started a vigorous inquiry into every school of art within a thousand miles of my hometown Pittsburgh," Biederman wrote in his autobiography, published in the November-December 1970 issue of Horseless Carriage Gazette. He attended the American Academy of Art in Chicago. "The only entrance requirement consisted of artistic proof of one's ability, so I prepared a complete catalog featuring an imaginary automobile. Each page portrayed a separate model, each laboriously rendered in profile, all in full and glorious color. When this massive document was finally lashed together, it possessed all the weight and characteristics of a suitcase loaded with bricks. Thus, for better or worse, my artistic career was launched." Biederman graduated from the Academy in October 1932, and like many of his contemporaries, the rigors of the Depression meant that it took him three years to find a job in his field. "My introduction to the advertising world was a revelation akin to the opening of 1,000 doors," he wrote. "Such mysteries as art direction, layout, production, type, reproduction-all unfolded in rapid succession...I survived this routine for years, but slowly and inevitably had begun the realization that the artist must at some time look to specialization and away from generalization in order that he might achieve recognition, prominence, and even fame. In 1940, I departed the advertising affair for the calmer atmosphere of a studio. "I turned my full attention and energies to transportation vehicles...on/in the water, air and land," he continued. "Movement in its various forms has dominated my time, my thinking, and my life these past thirty years. In the years that followed, I did become known and my particular specialty recognized, but many detours were necessary, including art directorships, freelance artist, etc. As my exhibits became more numerous and my sells more regular, exposure of my efforts began to enter into commercial channels...calendars, prints, premiums, novelties, magazines, as well as other channels." As Biederman's expanding body of work was gaining him prominence, he began a relationship with the McCleery-Cumming Corporation in 1956; this calendar company retained the artist to create six paintings for each of their 1958 automobile calendars. He painted for the calendar company for 36 years, and in the first 31 of those years, 186 automobile paintings were printed without interruption. A total of 444 Biederman transportation paintings were published in McCleery-Cumming calendars by 1993. In addition to the calendars, Mr. Biederman's automotive paintings were featured prominently in Playboy magazine, Automobile Quarterly and Horseless Carriage Gazette. He retired at the age of 75, in 1988, and died in 1996. According to his widow, most of Biederman's paintings were done in tempera on heavyweight 20 x 30-inch illustration board. Calendar art averaged roughly 10 x 15 inches, depending on the subject. A substantial portion of Biederman's body of work remains intact, and most originals are available for purchase at $1,200 apiece. "It seems to me that despite the untold millions of devotees adherent to this, that and the other...the fundamental 'love affair' lies in and with the internal combustion engine, the good, bad or indifferent that surrounds it," Biederman wrote. "The combination of motor, wheels and body, has known, knows, and will experience moments of greatness, be they in performance, styling, concept, even flights of fancy."

A third pattern Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife with a 17cm stiletto style blade with high central spine. The blade is in excellent condition with nice cross-graining. The cast blackened brass handle has twenty-seven concentric rings. The knife has a straight 5cm wide cross guard with Sheffield England. The brown leather scabbard has a round tipped, riveted on, blackened brass fitting to the bottom and raised, stitched spine to reverse. Sewn to the spine is a leather tab that were used for stitching the sheath to clothing. Rivetted to the top of the scabbard is a leather tab with slashes for leg straps and the elastic retaining strap for the knife. Nice. The Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife came about through the need for a good fighting knife for the newly formed commando units. W. E. Fairbairn, E. A. Sykes and Robert Wilkinson Latham of the Wilkinson Sword Company, had a meeting in November of 1940 at which W. E. Fairbairn and E. A. Sykes described the knife they wanted and preliminary sketches were drawn up and the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife was created. There were three major patterns of the knife produced.

Lot of US militaria to include two swagger sticks made from shells. M1872 Hanger .50-70 Leather Cartridge Box. Leather is still very supple. Also in the lot are 5 McKeever Cartridge Boxes, all are very good to excellent condition. US Army 1908 Pattern Leather .38 Pistol Cartridge Pouch Rock Arsenal 1908 missing the wooden block to the interior. Reproduction Confederate States Belt Buckle. DUG U.S. CIVIL WAR CARTRIDGE BOX SLING BREAST PLATE. Original Civil War US Eagle Breast Plate for Cartridge box Sling. Excellent Condition. Lastly a Brass Shoulder Box Plate for the 110 Regiment.

Lot of two short swords to include 1) CIVIL WAR M1832 AMES FOOT ARTILLERY SWORD. Nice original Model 1832 N.P. Ames Foot Artillery Sword. Sword is marked at ricasso. 19" blade is fullered on both sides and has a gray patina. Hilt is cast brass with fish scale grip and Federal Eagle on either side of the pommel. It is affixed blade with three rivets, and is peened at the pommel. 2) French Napoleon Briquet Short Sword. French Infantry short sword or Briquet Saber Model 1802. Scabbard is also in excellent condition with an overall size of 29 1/2 inches.

Indian Wars Leather gear lot to include 1) U.S. Indian Wars M1887 Cavalry Carbine Boot Scabbard.  U.S. Cavalry M-1887 "Trapdoor Springfield" Carbine Boot Scabbard designed to be attached to the McClellan saddle. This Model 1887 scabbard is nicely marked. Overall condition is very good. Manufactured in the later 1880s through the 1890s. Size - 13" long x 5 3/4 " wide x 3" wide. 2) U.S. M1872 WAIST BELT WITH STRAPS. M1872 U.S. waist belt with matching slings. Complete set with all hardware and leather slides , Condition is No damage. Excellent.  3) SPAN-AM WAR US MODEL 1898 HAVERSACK SLING. Leather is still very supple and serviceable condition.

Civil War Leather gear lot to include 1) CIVIL WAR ORIGINAL MODEL 1839 US BUCKLE & BELT. Original Model 1839 oval belt buckle with the original leather belt. Brass has turned a nice dark mustard patina. Has brass keeper. Belt is supple and measures about 37". very Good. 2) COLT MODEL 1851 NAVY REVOLVER HOLSTER. Civil War era Full Flap Navy Holster. This regulation full flap, left hand draw - military holster is patterned for the Colt M1851 Navy Revolver and shows the outline of it’s old mate! The Holster has a deep brown finish with scattered finish loss. Missing closer flap, otherwise excellent.

Civil War Leather gear lot to include 1) U.S. FEDERAL ARMY .58 CAL TYPE II POUCH. A black leather pouch measuring approximately 18cm x 15cm x 4cm pouch with an oversized, scallop flapped lid with "U.S." embossed within a cartouche. A leather strap extending from the flap corresponds to a brass stud to the bottom. A single prong buckle and strap is also to the bottom. The interior flap is embossed with U.S. Ordnance inspector markings. To the interior are a pair of tin inserts. To the reverse are a pair of riveted straps. Nice strong stitching and maker marked to the interior. 2) CIVIL WAR PERCUSSION CAP POUCH. Civil War Cap Pouch. Missing the pick and wool. 3) CIVIL WAR US M1855 CARTRIDGE BOX WITH US PLATE. Civil War federal Model 1855 Cartridge Box. Tins are still present. Has original brass "US" on the flap. Closer strap and buckles are intact as is the brass stud. Piece exhibits age and wear, but is Excellent.

WWII Army Air Corps lot to include 1) WWII US AIR CORPS TYPE A-3 MECHANICS HBT CAP HAT. WW2 AAF USAAF Type A-3 HBT mechanics cap size 6 7/8 in excellent unworn unwashed condition. No signs of hair tonic or body oils to the sweatband. This cap was produced by Society Brand Hat Co. MINT! and dated 1942. 2) WWII ARMY AIR FORCES B2 SHEARLING BOMBER CAP WW2. WWII B-2 Bomber cap. These were issued to bomber crews for wear at high altitude and became an iconic piece of American headgear for World War II aviators. Leather cap with sheepskin lining, brown leather brim, and fold-down ear flaps. Leather is still fairly supple. 3) WWII Summer Flying Suit type AN-5-31 and is in near mint condition and size medium. 4) WWII US Army Air Corps Throat Mic. in excellent condition. 5) ANB-H-1 receivers with HB-7 Headset in excellent condition. 6) TYPE A-10A Oxygen Mask size Medium. Box is in excellent condition with care instructions. 7) Flight Google Box by American Optical.

Lot of US Army Air Force M3 Flak Helmets to include 1) 1st model M3 flak helmet issued initially to bomb crews in the ETO in December, 1943. Original paint finish, liner & chin strap. Felt pads present. Minor surface rust spotting. Very good. 2) 1st model M3 flak helmet issued initially to bomb crews in the ETO in December, 1943. Original paint finish, liner is present but is missing the chinstrap. Felt pads missing. Excellent finish to the exterior.

Original era manufacture. Dark OD cloth covered steel helmet with folding ear covers. Issued to USAAF bomber crews for protection against enemy Flakand Fighters during WWII. Light age and wear, very clean condition. Chin strap is made of leather and is still supple. Excellent.

This set and the following lot with the Generals Visor Hat is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville Va. WWII Italian Regio Esercito (Royal Army) General of the Division Maggior Generale uniform. The uniform is a Model 1934, in excellent condition: detailed bullion wire rank sleeve insignia, epaulets with silver embroidered Savoy Eagle, silver General Officer buttons. The General was well decorated with 7 medal ribbons to include Merit Cross for Twenty-Five Years' Long Service with crown device, Order of the Crown of Italy with two crown devices, Royal Order Of Francis I, Italo-Turkish War Medal, Three War Merit Crosses. The uniform is made with a high quality gabardine in "grigioverde" and was tailored by Unione Militare and is named to the interior to General Alfredo Neri. The trousers, like the jacket are in near mint condition. Uniform is roughly a size 40R. The uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

This Visor Hat and the previous lot with the Generals Uniform is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville Va. WWII Italian Regio Esercito (Royal Army) Division Level General's Visor Hat was tailored by Cigna Melchiorre of Torino and is roughly a size 56.The hat bears a large bullion eagle perched upon a fasces, and has an ornate bullion band. The interior is fully lined in yellow silk with a full sweat diamond with the manufacturer info with a full leather sweatband. In March 1919 Benito Mussolini established the, Fascio di Combattimento, (Union of Combatants), political party in Milan and fascism was born in Italy. Shortly afterwards the FdC adopted the black shirts that the anarchist laborers of the Romagna region of Italy had worn previously. Mussolini was first elected as a member of the Chamber of Deputies in the general election of 1921. In a fortunate set of circumstances, due to a general strike, economic chaos and a dissatisfied populace, Mussolini was able to depose Premier Luigi Facta and was appointed as Premier by King Victor Emmanuel III following the infamous "March on Rome", on October 28TH 1922. Now with Mussolini’s Partito Nazionale Fascita, (National Fascist Party), firmly in control the black shirts were to become ubiquitous through-out Italy. A decree of February 1ST 1923 reorganized the fascist militia and introduced a new designation, MVSN, Milizia Volontaria Sicurezza Nazionale, (Volunteer National Security Militia). The Italian army had originally adopted a grey-green uniform in 1909 which remained in use until it underwent modifications in 1925. The 1925 uniform underwent further modifications in 1933 and again in 1935 and remained basically unchanged through-out WWII. The uniform and Visor Hat came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Hat was acquired.

WWII British M1940 pattern battle dress uniform jacket, dated 1943 with legible tag, broad arrow, and stamp inside. Jacket has Parachute Regiment shoulder titles on both sleeves, 1st PARA red / maroon winged Pegasus airborne flash on both sleeves, Corporal stripes on both sleeves, and Parachutist wings on the right sleeve. Also comes with 1942 dated trousers that are also in excellent condition.

Uniform jacket of Major General William Watson Richards of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. Jacket has some minor mothing to the wearer's left sleeve. Promotions: 1936-03-06 Lieutenant-Colonel 1939-09-24 Acting Colonel 1939-10-29 Colonel 1940-04-15 Acting Brigadier 1940-10-15 Temporary Brigadier 1942-01-09 Acting Major-General 1943-01-09 Temporary Major-General 1945-06-28 Major-General Service: 1937-10-04 – 1939-09-01 Chief Adviser Ordnance Services, British Military Mission to Egypt 1939-09-15 – 1940-02-20 Chief Ordnance Officer, 1940-02-21 – 1940-04-14 Deputy Director of Ordnance Services, 1940-04-15 – 1942-07-31 Director of Ordnance Service, Middle East Command 1942-08-01 – 1943-03-20 Deputy Quartermaster-General, Middle East Command 1943-03-22 – 1946-XX-XX Director of Clothing & Stores, War Office 1946-04-21 – 1948-XX-XX Controller of Ordnance Services, War Office 1946-04-21 – 1948-04-XX Director of Warlike Stores, War Office 1947-01-01 – 1957-01-01 Colonel-Commandant, Royal Army Ordnance Corps 1948-08-01 Retired

WWII Polish Military items to include 1) WWII Polish Air Forces RAF Flying Lance Sergeant's Jacket. A blue/gray jacket with a four brass button front that leads to an open lay down collar. A pair of pleated breast pockets with button scallop flaps and a pair of patch pockets with button flaps are to the hips. There are three bronze rank bars to the collar and a three place ribbon bar to the chest. Tunic is roughly the size 38R. 2) Framed Polish Medals to include Polish Resistance Eagle Cap Badge, Polish Medal 10 Years of Independence, Silver Polish Officers Button, Polish WWII Monte Cassino Cross, Polish 2nd Corps Formation Badge, Polish Bronze Assault Badge of the 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division, 83rd Infantry Regiment, officer's version, silver, enamel, dimensions 40x40 mm. The nut is present. The badge is in very good condition with fine enamels. WWII Polish Badge of the Carpathian Uhlans Regiment, WWII Polish 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division Badge, 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division Pin, Polish Patch of the 8th British Army, 10th Polish Dragoons Regiment Badge and lastly 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division Patch. All are excellent. The Polish Air Forces (Polskie Sily Powietrzne) was the name of the Polish Air Forces formed in France and the United Kingdom during World War II. The core of the Polish air units fighting alongside the Allies were experienced veterans of the 1939 invasion of Poland. They contributed to the UK victory in the Battle of Britain and RAF air operations during the war. A total of 145 Polish fighter pilots served in the RAF during the Battle of Britain, making up the largest non-British contribution. By the end of the war, around 19,400 Poles were serving in the Polish Air Force in Great Britain and in the RAF. After the collapse of France in 1940, a large part of the Polish Air Force contingent was withdrawn to the United Kingdom. However, the RAF Air Staff were not willing to accept the independence and sovereignty of Polish forces. Air Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding later admitted he had been "a little doubtful" at first about the Polish airmen. The British government informed General Sikorski that at the end of the war, Poland would be charged for all costs involved in maintaining Polish forces in Britain. Initial plans for the airmen greatly disappointed them: they would only be allowed to join the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, wear British uniforms, fly British flags and be required to take two oaths, one to the Polish government and the other to George VI; each officer was required to have a British counterpart, and all Polish pilots were to begin with the rank of "pilot officer", the lowest rank for a commissioned officer in the RAF. Only after posting would anyone be promoted to a higher grade. Because of this, the majority of highly experienced Polish pilots had to wait in training centres, learning English Command procedures and language, while the RAF suffered heavy losses due to lack of experienced pilots. On June 11, 1940, a preliminary agreement was signed by the Polish and British governments and soon the British authorities finally allowed for the creation of two bomber squadrons and a training centre as part of the Royal Air Force. The first squadrons were 300 and 301 bomber squadrons and 302 and 303 fighter squadrons. The fighter squadrons, flying the Hawker Hurricane, first saw action in the third phase of the Battle of Britain in late August 1940, quickly becoming highly effective. Polish flying skills were well-developed from the invasion of Poland and the pilots were regarded as fearless and sometimes bordering on reckless. Their success rates were very high in comparison to the less-experienced British Commonwealth pilots. The 303 squadron became the most efficient RAF fighter unit at that time, and RAF commanders protested when government censors refused to allow this fact to appear in the press. By late 1940 the American visitor Ralph Ingersoll reported that the Poles were "the talk of London" because of their victories. Although at first the Poles memorised basic English sentences to identify themselves if shot down over Britain to avoid being mistaken as Germans, Ingersoll wrote that such pilots returned with "a girl on each arm. They say the girls cannot resist the Poles, nor the Poles the girls". Bomber squadrons Nos. 300 and 301 started operations on 14 August 1940, attacking German invasion barges in French ports, and then attacking targets in Germany as a part of British bombing offensive. Many Polish pilots flew in other RAF squadrons, usually given nicknames because, as Ingersoll wrote, "the Polish names, of course, are unpronounceable". Later, further Polish squadrons were created: 304 (bomber, then Coastal Command), 305 (bomber), 306 (fighter), 307 (night fighter), 308 (fighter), 309 (reconnaissance, then fighter), 315 (fighter), 316 (fighter), 317 (fighter), 318 (fighter-reconnaissance) and 663 (air observation/artillery spotting). The fighter squadrons initially flew Hurricanes, then Supermarine Spitfires, and eventually some were equipped with North American Mustangs. Night fighters used by 307 were the Boulton-Paul Defiant, Bristol Beaufighter and the de Havilland Mosquito. The bomber squadrons were initially equipped with Fairey Battles and Vickers Wellingtons, then Avro Lancasters (300 sqn), Handley Page Halifaxs and Consolidated Liberators (301 sqn) and de Havilland Mosquitos and North American Mitchells (305 sqn). 663 flew Auster AOP Mk Vs. On April 6, 1944, a further agreement was reached and the Polish Air Forces in Great Britain came under Polish command, without RAF officers. This resulted in the creation of a dedicated Polish Air Force staff college at RAF Weston-super-Mare, which remained open until April 1946. After the war, in a changed political situation, their equipment was returned to the British. Due to the fact that Poland ended the war under Soviet occupation, only a small proportion of the pilots returned to Poland where they suffered from harassment, while the rest remained exiled from their native country. A memorial to those Polish pilots killed while on RAF service was erected in 1948 at the south-eastern corner of RAF Northolt aerodrome. On the public highway, it is accessible without entering RAF areas. It is adjacent to the A4180 junction on the A40 Western Avenue; the official name for this junction is "Polish War Memorial". A large memorial to Polish Air Force squadrons in the war is situated on the floor of the north aisle of the reconstructed Wren church, St Clement Danes, London. The Polish-American fighter ace Francis S. "Gabby" Gabreski flew his first combat missions attached to a Polish RAF squadron. King George VI, on visiting a Polish squadron, asked a Polish airman what was the toughest thing he had to deal with in the war. The reply was "King's Regulations...."

Its exterior is painted in rough-textured olive drab. To the interior, its leather and webbed liner are fully intact, with a thick felt padding ringing the inside edge of the helmet, with a wider portion to the rear to protect the neck. There are four khaki/tan HBT web straps, with a tie string, is to the interior crown for fit adjustment. Its natural leather sweatband is stamped "CLC" being the manufacturer's initials, and "7 1/4"  and "1944" indicating the date of manufacture. The three point, early leather chinstrap and chin cup is complete. Comes with a camo net. Excellent. The Airborne, being impressed with the MKI dispatch rider helmet and the same shell being used by the armoured corps decided to drop their fiber production helmet and to use the same shell to produce their MKII helmet in 1943. 1235-197

A third pattern Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife with a 17cm stiletto style blade with high central spine in excellent condition and is marked Wilkinson. The cast blackened handle, with twenty-seven concentric rings. The knife has a straight 2" wide crossguard. The brown leather scabbard has a round tipped, riveted on, blackened brass fitting to the bottom and raised. The Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife came about through the need for a good fighting knife for the newly formed commando units. W. E. Fairbairn, E. A. Sykes and Robert Wilkinson Latham of the Wilkinson Sword Company, had a meeting in November of 1940 at which W. E. Fairbairn and E. A. Sykes described the knife they wanted and preliminary sketches were drawn up and the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife was created. There were three major patterns of the knife produced.

Complete Named US Army Major Generals Dress Uniform in excellent condition. The uniform is named to the interior Nathaniel Thompson Jr.. The jacket has a 22 place ribbon bar to include Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with two oak leafs, Soldiers Medal, Bronze Star with V for Valor Device and two oak leafs, Purple Heart, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with two oak leafs, Joint Service Commendation Medal with oak leaf, Army Commendation Medal with three oak leafs, Occupation Medal, National Defense Service Medal with star, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with four stars, Humanitarian Service Medal, Army Service Ribbon, Army Overseas Service Ribbon with 2 device, RVN Training Service Medal, RVN Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Star and RVN Campaign Medal with 1960- device. Also has a Combat Infantry Badge and a bullion Army Aviator Badge as well as a bullion Paratrooper bullion Air Assault Wings. To the other side of the chest is his Thailand Jump Wings in bullion as well as Presidential Unit Citation, Joint Meritorious Unit Award, Valorous Unit Award (Army), Army Meritorious Unit Commendation, RVN Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with palm.  Also in bullion Joint Chiefs Of Staff ID Badge. To the shoulders are his Ranger Tab and 1st Cavalry SSI. The matching Generals Trousers are also in excellent condition. Also included are his dress shirt, tie and Major Generals Overseas Cap. The uniform came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this uniform was acquired. Thompson retired as a lieutenant general from the U.S. Army in 1986 after 37 years of distinguished service. His last two military assignments were the Commanding General, 21st Support Command, U.S. Army Europe, and The Inspector General, United States Army.

WWII M38 Tanker Helmet and interestingly enough, it's made in Sweden and it's made by Victory according to the interior tag. It's almost an exact copy of the American version. This helmet was probably made immediately Post WWII. The interior of a tank, while armored, is not always the safest place to be. Prior to the outset of the war, suitable headgear was still needed to protect American armored units from bumping their heads on the interior components of the tank and it wasn't until 1941 that the M-1938 tank helmet was patented. This original M-1938 tank helmet was produced by the Victory Company of Sweden It is a size 59-61. The helmet's interior lining is in superb condition, with soft and pliable leather. The helmet's rear elastic straps are still pliable and the exterior exhibits some minor wear throughout. Excellent. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Helmet was acquired.

British Dragoon Other rank's helmet of white metal body with brass trim and decoration. The plume holder of white metal on a brass base complete with red horse hair plume. A post 1952 plate to the front with white metal and brass overlays. Complete with liner and chinstrap and in near mint condition. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Spanish Republican Army Tankers Helmet. This is extremely rare and not to be confused with  a standard Spanish Tankers Helmet. The helmet badge is completely different. The only marking to the interior is the size mark of  56. The Spanish Republican Armed Forces went through two clear phases during their existence: The pre-Spanish Civil War phase, before the coup of July 1936 that would fracture the Spanish military institution. The Civil War reorganization of the forces that remained loyal to the established republican government dictated by the pressing needs of the moment. Background: Following the loss of Spain's last colonies, Cuba and Philippines, in 1898, the country's armed forces grew disgruntled and the public's view toward them worsened. Military leaders resented the attitude of the Spanish politicians and the public opinion who unjustly blamed the Spanish Military for the failures in the colonies. In November 1905 Spanish Army personnel stormed the offices of Catalan magazine Cu-Cut!, where En Patufet and La Veu de Catalunya were also located, for having published a caricature ridiculing the military.  Following the attacks, the Captain generals of Sevilla, Barcelona and Madrid openly opposed the prosecution of those members of the military involved in the storming. This crisis led in 1906 to the approval of the Ley de Jurisdicciones ("Law of Jurisdictions"), which severely restricted freedom of expression in Spain by making speech against "Spain and its symbols"—the Spanish Armed Forces including themselves as one of the symbols— a criminal offence. According to renowned writer Salvador de Madariaga the Spanish Armed Forces became henceforward a "State within the State" that would interfere in civilian matters in an overbearing manner, becoming a major player in Spanish politics. Other Spanish intellectuals such as Miguel de Unamuno and Ramiro de Maeztu were seriously worried at the time about the future implications of the "Law of Jurisdictions". Unamuno openly expressed his concern that it would be left to the military to define what was correct regarding patriotism. The "Moroccan Question" (Spanish: la cuestión marroquí), however, would be the main cause of the ensuing fractures in the political and social life in Spain. The disastrous wars in Morocco ended up bringing about severe social reactions in Spain that could no longer be silenced by means of the "Law of Jurisdictions". The Tragic Week protests in Barcelona in July 1909, which quickly turned anticlerical, were primarily the result of the unpopular Moroccan wars that "merely satisfied the needs of the Military" in the eyes of the public. The consequence of such developments was that the division between the Spanish military and the Spanish people became deeper. The liberal traditions that the Spanish Army had spearheaded in the 19th century were replaced by a defensive, reactionary outlook. The mutual suspicion led to the creation of the Juntas de Defensa (Boards of Defence) during the 1917 Spanish crisis caused by the First World War. The Spanish military had an excess of officers, as much as 16,000 officers for 80,000 troops at one point and the economic crisis, coupled with a low pay, brought the problem of the economic hardships of military families to the fore. Allegedly the aim of the Juntas de Defensa was to defend the interests of Spanish military officers, but their intention to get involved in political issues was clear to the public. Finally on 13 September 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera made a successful coup d'etat. After overthrowing the parliamentary government he established himself as dictator with the tacit consent of King Alfonso XIII. The General's dictatorship, however, did not solve the problems of the Spanish Armed Forces for the support of the military institution for General Primo de Rivera's move was not unanimous. Already in 1926 there was the first serious attempt of a coup, popularly known as La Sanjuanada (after St John), against the dictator in which four high-ranking generals —Valeriano Weyler, Domingo Batet, Francisco Aguilera and José Riquelme y López-Bago, as well as Colonel Segundo García and Lieutenant colonel Cristino Bermúdez de Castro— were involved. Besides the failed coup, the resistance of the Artillery branch of the Spanish Army to General Primo de Rivera's attempts to integrate and reorganize the Spanish military, created uneasiness within the ranks and in the face of the stubbornness of the Artillery officers in Pamplona, he had to declare Martial law (Estado de Guerra). Henceforward the Artillery officers would develop a pro-Republican stance. The Second Spanish Republic was preceded by two pro-Republican coup attempts, the Jaca Uprising led by Fermín Galán and a rebellion of Air Force officers in Cuatro Vientos and Getafe air bases. The first years of the Republic (1931–1936):  In 1931, following the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, the armed forces of the Spanish Kingdom became the Spanish Republican Armed Forces. Admiral Aznar's casual comment: "Do you think it was a little thing what happened yesterday, that Spain went to bed as a monarchy and rose as a republic" became instantly famous, going quickly around Madrid and around Spain, making people accept the fact and setting a more relaxed mood. Republicans within the Spanish Armed forces were then a minority, but so were pro-monarchist reactionaries; the majority within the military were at first indifferent.  What began to antagonize the Spanish Military against the new government were the reforms of the armed forces introduced by newly nominated Republican Minister of War Manuel Azaña within the first months of the newly installed republic. The officers of the Armed Forces resented that a man without a military background had been appointed to lead the War Ministry.  Later in October the same year Azaña became Prime Minister and continued the reform of the bloated and old-fashioned military the Republic had inherited. This was seen as a necessary step with the goal to modernize the Spanish Military and cut down the expenses of the state in the aftermath of the Great Depression. In order to implement its reforms the Republican Government promoted to high posts military men that it perceived as loyal. As a result, it tended to display favoritism towards the branches of the Armed Forces more amenable to its reforms, the Air Force and, in a lesser degree, the Navy. Officers such as Gonzalo Queipo de Llano and Ramón Franco with a background in the pro-republican Jaca and Cuatro Vientos-Getafe uprisings during the monarchy rose to high posts for which they were not the most competent. In the same manner Spanish Republican Navy officers who displayed pro-republican fervor were rewarded with political posts. On 10 August 1932 a pro-monarchist general, José Sanjurjo, staged a rebellion in Seville against the Republican Government. He led a group of officers opposed to the military reforms, as well as to the policy of granting autonomy to Catalonia and the Basque Country which they resented as an "affront to the unity of Spain". The rebellion failed and became popularly known as La Sanjurjada. General Sanjurjo was subsequently arrested and court-martialed. Initially he was condemned to death, but his sentence was later commuted to life imprisonment in Dueso. In March 1934 Sanjurjo was granted amnesty by the Lerroux government and went into exile in Estoril, Portugal. In July 1936, five years after the proclamation of the republic, a section of the Spanish Republican Army in Spanish Morocco rebelled under the orders of General Franco. Although relatively more successful than the 1932 Sanjurjada, this rebellion succeeded only in fractioning Spain, with roughly half of the territory still loyal to the Republic. Instead of giving up or calling for a compromise, Franco began a bloody war of attrition, the Spanish Civil War. During the Civil War the part of the army loyal the Spanish republican government was forced to fight against the better equipped fraction of the army in revolt and their powerful Third Reich and Italian Fascist supporters. The Civil War (1936–1939) : After the partly successful coup of the pro-fascist generals in July 1936, militias were formed in many cities in Spain that had not sided with the rebellion lest the units of the Spanish Republican Army stationed in their territory be tempted to join the rebels. Finally in October the Republican government reorganized its armed forces around the military units that had remained loyal and the militias were merged with the new army. October 1936: First wartime reorganization:  The government of the areas that had not joined the rebels, known as 'Victory Government' (Gobierno de la Victoria), quickly organized a 'Regular Popular Army' (Ejército Popular Regular) (EPR). Led by all the parties composing the Popular Front (Frente Popular), and by the trade unions Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT). The militias that had been hurriedly armed in the wake of General Franco's coup had been loosely coordinated by the Popular Front coalition. The new structure sought to impose a more effective coordination of the loyalist forces, for the Republican government had lost effective control of the armed units defending it. The changes in the structure began on 16 October 1936, doing away with the War Ministry which was replaced by the 'National Defence Ministry' (Ministerio de la Defensa Nacional), led by the president of the republic, Largo Caballero. By means of this new structure, the Regular Popular Army unified all the branches of the military, including the renowned Fifth Regiment, as well as all scattered militias, a process that was gradually implemented with the goal of completion by February 1937. By 30 October all Spanish males aged between 20 and 45 were being conscripted. The restructuring of the Spanish Republican Army showed the Communist influence in the new discipline imposed by the Popular Front authorities. The new Republican People's Army instituted the Comisariado de Guerra by means of which political commissars were charged with the mission of lifting the morale of the troops and ensuring their cooperation with their high-rank officers in all units. The commissar had to overcome the mistrust of the troops towards the officers in order to achieve the necessary discipline for proper coordination. Based on a model that would replace the columns (columnas) and militias, the Mixed Brigade (Brigada mixta) was the basic military unit of the Republican People's Army. The first six Mixed Brigades were created on 18 October 1936. The first was led by Communist colonel Enrique Líster, the second by Jesús Martínez de Aragón, the third by José María Galán, the fourth by Eutiquiano Arellano, the fifth by Fernando Sabio and the sixth by Miguel Gallo Martínez. The reorganization included as well the XI and XII International Brigades joining the Republican People's Army in its combat. Anti-fascist volunteers from all over the world that joined the brigades were trained at Albacete. Development of the warThe Spanish Republican Army units often lacked proper equipment. The situation improved somewhat by spring 1937, but a large proportion of units remained short of equipment and ammunition throughout the war.  The shortage of proper clothing, boots, weapons and ammunition was especially acute during the first months of the war, right after the reorganization. Priority, however, was given to ensure that the Republican troops received adequate food rations and that they received their salaries. Usually the latter were paid to the soldier's families in their homes. The reorganization of the Spanish Republican Army was almost complete by mid-1937. Groups such as the Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias, Milicias Antifascistas Obreras y Campesinas (MAOC), the militias of the Socialist Youth (Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas), the Communist Fifth Regiment, as well as the Anarchist militias were rallied under one banner and given proper military training. In places such as the Aragon Front, however, the Anarchist and minority Communist groups, such as the POUM, resisted what they saw as Communist-led "militarization". They distrusted the Communist leadership and perceived the move as an effort to force them to abandon their militia model, making them dependent on a single central power, which was against their ideals.The power and leadership of the Communists within the armed forces was promoted by the government of Juan Negrín and its Communist Party of Spain allies. The Soviet Union, profiting from the international isolation of the Spanish Republic imposed by the Non-intervention agreements, assisted the beleaguered Republican government chiefly by providing weapons. Despite the fact that the Soviet arms shipments were duly paid at high prices, the USSR used this opportunity to extend its power over the Spanish Republic. In April 1938 Socialist minister of defense Indalecio Prieto resigned in protest at the level of Soviet influence over the Spanish Republican Army. The influence of the USSR was largely the consequence of the western democracies, like France, the United Kingdom and the United States not helping the young Spanish Republic. Fearing the "Communist threat", Neville Chamberlain and Léon Blum were ready to sacrifice Spain (as they later would sacrifice Czechoslovakia) in the belief that Adolf Hitler could be appeased. In the void thus created, only the Soviet Union helped the Spanish government effectively, but it's assistance came at a high monetary cost. At the end of October 1936, three months after the rebels had been supplied with German and Italian weapons by Hitler and Mussolini, the first Soviet war supplies arrived to alleviate the lack of material in the loyalist side.  The People's Republican Army reached its highest level of organization in the Battle of the Ebro, during the last half of 1938, but it was also the battlefield where it was broken. Very young soldiers, averaging 17 and a half in age, whose unit was known as the 'Baby bottle conscription' ("quinta del biberón") would be mobilized for this last big battle of the Civil War, the last one in which the International Brigades operated. These large war operations fulfilled the Communist propaganda goals promoted by Juan Negrín and his clique, but were disastrous and wasteful for the Spanish Republican Army, whose energy and organization would have been better employed in small-scale operations. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

A pair of US Tanker helmets both are hand painted with trench art and camouflage. Both helmets have their electronics and are in excellent servable condition from the 1st Gulf War . The helmets came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

A pair of French Tanker helmets to include a M1951 & M1965. Both helmets have their liners and the M1965 has the electronics and both are in excellent servable condition. Both helmets saw service in French Indo China. The helmets came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

A pair of US Tanker helmets to include a M1938 with R-30-U marked receivers and harness & Iraqi War US Helmet with receivers and boom mic. Both helmets have their liners and the M1965 has the electronics and both are in excellent serviable condition. The helmets came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Fantastic Vietnam Cav Hat or Cavalry Stetson with a Theater Made 17th Cavalry Beer Can DI to the center of the Crossed Sabres. The yellow cording is oddly enough from the Civil War and is original to that period. Hat is roughly a size 7 1/4. Excellent. Originally organized as G Troop, 17th Cavalry Regiment; the 7th Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment was formally reactivated on 25 November 1966. The Squadron adopted the name “Ruthless Riders” and shortly thereafter, deployed to Vietnam on 28 October 1967 as a separate Air Cavalry Squadron of the 1st Aviation Brigade. The Squadron mission was to provide reconnaissance and security for the 4th Infantry Division and other allied units. The Squadron routinely conducted successful combat operations, gathered valuable intelligence, and killed and captured enemy Soldiers. For their achievements and distinguished combat service, the Squadron was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation and four Valorous Unit Awards for their actions in Vietnam. The tradition of the “Cav Hat” began in the early days before the Vietnam War. The 11th Air Assault Division cavalry scout pilots were looking to distinguish themselves from other troops when they adopted the Model 1876 campaign hat for wear. They felt a need to return to the traditions of the Cavalry so long forgotten. LTC John B. Stockton, commander of the 3rd Battalion, 17th Cavalry Regiment, is given credit for establishing the tradition of wearing the Cavalry Stetson, much to the chagrin of the Division command group. By the time the 11th Air Assault Division was redesignated the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) the members of his unit, the 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry Regiment, were wearing the hat. LTC Stockton transferred the “Cav Hat” tradition to the 1st Cavalry Division in Vietnam. By the end of the Vietnam War, many air and ground units were wearing the hat. The tradition was continued after Vietnam and has become the standard for all cavalry units in the Army. The Cav Hat is not an issued item and is not covered in any of the uniform regulations but it is worn by the Troopers of the 1st Cavalry Division and many other cavalry units for ceremonies and special cavalry events. The type and number of items worn on the “Cav Hat” vary greatly and demonstrate the individuality and style of the wearer. The 1st Cavalry Division has published a Memorandum of Instruction (MOI) that covers the wearing of the “Cav Hat” and spurs for those currently serving with the First Team but for Veterans the MOI is only a guideline of what right looks like. A link to the MOI is provided on this web page. The “Cav Hat” is a standard black Cavalry hat, Stetson or other appropriate brand, with a 3 inch brim and a black leather chin strap. The chin strap is fastened to the hat cord and goes through the brim. The chin strap is worn behind the wearer’s head unless mounted. When mounted the chinstrap may be worn under the chin to maintain the hat’s position on your head and keep it from falling off. If your “Cav Hat” does not have a chin strap, it is just a black hat commonly referred to as a “cowboy hat”. Hat cords are worn and represent the rank of the wearer. General officers wear solid gold cords, field and company grade officers wear black and gold hat cords, warrant officers wear black and silver hat cords and enlisted Troopers wear Cavalry yellow hat cords. The hat cords should be adjusted so that the acorn on the ends of the cord comes to the edge of the brim. Cords may be knotted if the wearer wishes. While many refer to the knots in the cords as “combat knots” there is no documentation available to support this idea. The Division MOI prohibits any other type of hat cords for those Troopers currently on active duty with the 1st Cavalry Division. Normally the branch insignia of the Cavalry, crossed sabers, are worn on the front along with the rank of the wearer. The rank is worn above the branch insignia evenly spaced. Both are centered on the front of the hat. Regular sized Distinctive Unit Insignia (DUI), commonly referred to as unit crests, or miniatures of your unit are traditionally put on the back of the “Cav Hat”. Additional items like a CIB or CMB may also be placed on the “Cav Hat” along with reunion pins or other items if you are a Veteran. Some of the “Cav Hats” worn by our Veterans are festooned with numerous pins, miniature medals and other items. Active Duty Troopers assigned to the First Team must follow the guidelines of the MOI. The Cav Hat came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Early Experimental British Helmet Crash as it was called is in excellent condition. As Canadian procurement was taking longer than anticipated (and because the London office of the DM&S had apparently mislaid its original requisition) the War Office was asked in late December, 1940 for 2,500 Helmets, Tank. The helmets provided were the British Helmet Crash, Royal Armoured Corps, a war-time expedient, introduced in 1940, made from three pieces of fibre riveted together. These helmets protected the wearer only from impacts, they provided no ballistic protection. In 1942, the British developed a steel helmet with the same body as its DR and airborne helmets but with the lining and chin-strap of the Mk.II helmet. This Helmet, Steel RAC Mk I was adopted by the the Canadian Army overseas in June, 1943. Canadian production was not undertaken and helmets were issued from British stocks from early 1944. Canadian tankers were not wholly satisfied with it. Its compatibility with the AFV headsets was somewhat limited. Trials showed that  for the helmet rim to clear the head-set, the lining had to be adjusted so the helmet rode as high as possible and the steel band of the head-set worn as low as possible on the back of the neck. Even these adjustments would not work with certain head shapes. In addition the helmet’s passing resemblance to the German Paratrooper helmet made them unpopular in areas where Fallschirmjäger operated. The Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Vietnam Tanker Helmet that is unit marked as well as trench art. The helmet is identified to the rear "Co. B-2/121 in white paint and to the side and front Black Sheep Squadron" The helmet is in excellent condition with all electronics. The Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Unusual Tanker helmet lot made from Nazi Helmets. The first is a LKpW101 Winter Flight Helmet that has been converted into a Tankers Helmet. This helmet is very well done and a stroke of Genius in my opinion. 2) Nazi Police Helmet converted to resemble a M1938 US Tanker Helmet with the brim being removed and leather earflaps and strap added to resemble a M38. Both are serviceable. The helmets came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this uniform was acquired.

Named Danish Uniform Grouping of a Danish Officer who ended up being a Major General.. The grouping consist of M1910 Intendant Mogens Olrik Uniform Jacket that is named to the interior and dated 1915. The 12 button double breasted uniform is in excellent condition with no damaged whatsoever. Roughly a size 36R. The Major General's Overcoat is also in excellent condition with an outstanding set of GENERALMAJOR Shoulder Boards is roughly a size 42R. Lasty in the grouping is his Officers Sword with Scabbard and Knot. 37 3/8" total length. The blade is 32". The Uniform Grouping came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this uniform was acquired. At the outbreak of war, Denmark mobilized around 50,000 reservists to man Copenhagen's fortifications. This was about half the force that Denmark was expected to mobilize in case of war. By limiting its mobilization and calling the mobilized units "security forces" (Sikringsstyrken), the Danish government was trying to reassure the major powers that it was not intending to join the war. An additional Tunestillingen ("Tune Line") defense installation was constructed during the war. It stretched from Køge Bay and to Roskilde Fjord. The war brought to the fore the fact that Copenhagen's old fortifications from the 1880s and 1890s were obsolete and too near the capital to protect it from modern artillery bombardment. Mining of Danish territorial waters: The Danish government bowed to pressure from Germany, and had naval mines laid in Danish waters with tacit British acceptance, despite the fact that Denmark was obliged under international law to keep its territorial waters open. The Germans had already begun to mine Danish territorial waters in order to protect Germany from a British naval offensive. By mining its own maritime area the Danish government was trying to avoid giving Germany a pretext for an occupation. Ethnically Danish population of Southern Jutland: During the war, more than 30,000 ethnically Danish men from the Southern Jutland region in the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein served in the German armed forces. In total, about 5,300 men from Southern Jutland fell during the war. A Danish military cemetery exists for soldiers fallen whilst fighting for Germany in the French commune of Braine in France. 79 Danish soldiers are buried there. Tondern raid: Imperial German Navy Zeppelins operated out of a base at Tønder, which was then part of Germany, until the base was attacked and destroyed by the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force in the Tondern raid of 19th July 1918. This was the only major allied raid on ethnically Danish Southern Jutland in the war. Post-war territorial changes: After the conclusion of the war, the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites were held in German territory in compliance with the Treaty of Versailles. Northern Schleswig was awarded to Denmark after 74.9% of the territory's population voted in favor of joining Denmark.

Italian Generals Parade Helmet, fine example of a lightweight aluminum Italian Adrian helmet which retains nearly all of the original green paint finish to the exterior and interior of the shell. To the centre of the helmet is a stencilled insignia of Italian eagle with crown. The side of the Helmet is fitted with a brass plume socket holder and displayed with a large birds feather. Interior with black leather and cloth liner system and green leather chinstrap. Excellent. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Helmet was acquired.

French M-45 Pattern Tankers Helmet, steel helmet with dark horizon blue paint finish to the exterior and interior of the shell. Small comb to the top of the helmet and large leather pad to the front. Complete with the original liner system and thin leather chinstrap. Excellent. The helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Helmet was acquired.

Brass 19th century French dragoon helmet featuring large crest with woman's face at front. Crest features horsehair plume that is beautifully braided. Has partial officers chinscales. Missing the leather sweatband. Excellent. The Dragoon Helmet came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this Helmet was acquired.

1st pattern P-41 United States Marine Corps USMC 3 pocket HBT shirt with the name M L MACKEY stenciled above the stenciled EGA.. Size marked 38

WWII and Korean War US Marine grouping to Mechanical Gunner named Gunnery Sergeant George J. Vekulich. Items include 1) Aviator Flight Log Book from WWII with several entries from 1944 and 45 all flights from a PBJ which is the Naval version of a B-25. 2) 20 Black and White photos with several Aircraft shots of his Plane, many with inscriptions on the back. 3) Small Japanese silk flag with Kanji. I've seen these flags being attached to Samurai Swords to identify the owner of the sword. It is wrapped and sewn in celluloid but over time the celluloid has fogged making it difficult to see. The flag measures 3 1/4 X 2 1/2 inches. 4) WWII US Naval Aircrew Wings with three Stars Attached by N.S. Meyer of New York in Sterling. 5) WWII Victory Medal with a single EGA 6) Three Ribbon Bars 7) Set of Gunnery Sergeants Chevrons 8) Photo ID to the National Tube Co. with two air tube nipples. 9) Three pieces of Military Script 10) Leather Name Plate identified to George J. Levkulich for a Flight Jacket. 11) Beautiful Patched AN-J-3A Leather Flight Jacket. Jacket has four patches that are period-applied. The squadron is to VMA-513 Flying Nightmares. The patch measures 4 3/4 inches wide. The second patch is an unusual one off name tag that has a bullion Gold Aircrew Wings to the center with a Gunnery Sergeants Chevron with MECH GUNNER GEORGE J. VEKULICH. To each shoulder a F#CK YOU KOREA Patch, all are Theater made. The leather body is in excellent condition with original cuffs and waistband. The waistband has minor snags but nothing too serious. Excellent. Korean War Between World War II and the Korean War, VMF-513 operated from Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California. Transitioning to the F4U-5N, the squadron was re-designated VMF(N)-513 ("Night Fighters"). In August 1950, the squadron deployed to Japan under operational control of the U.S. 5th Air Force. The squadron nickname "Flying Nightmares" was coined by then Commanding Officer, LtCol James R. Anderson, USMC, in March 1951 because he thought it most appropriately described his outfit . At this time the squadron, with its 15 F7F "Tigercats" and 15 F4U-5N "Corsairs," were flying out of Pusan West (K-1) Air Base and providing the sole night fighter air defense and interdiction support to all UN forces. In this month alone, the squadron flew 2,086 hours in 604 night combat sorties, inflicting severe damage on the Chinese Forces tactical and logistical units. During the summer of 1952, VMF(N)-513 received the F3D Skyknight, the squadron's first jet aircraft. Due to losses being incurred by B-29 Superfortresses on nighttime raids over North Korea, 1st MAW was asked to assign their night fighter squadron to escort the aircraft. On the early morning of November 3, 1952, VMF(N)-513 made aviation history with the first radar kill on an enemy jet aircraft at night, when Maj. William T. Stratton Jr., and MSgt Hans Hoglind shot down a North Korean Yak-15. The squadron was credited with 10 confirmed night kills during the Korean War. Following the war, the squadron operated out of NAS Atsugi, Japan. On 26 July 1958, VMF-513 received the F4D Skyray aircraft. In October 1962, VMF(AW)-513 was relocated from NAS Atsugi Japan to MCAS El Toro, California. The outfit was effectively disbanded in Japan and reformed in El Toro under a new CO, who organized new pilots and maintenance Marines to operate the now "old" F-4D Skyrays while the Flying Nightmares awaited delivery of the brand new F-4 Phantom II. This occurred in early 1963 and most of the Nightmare pilots did their transition training at nearby NAS Miramar, at the Navy's replacement squadron.

Named Spanish Teniente General's Uniform and Visor Hat. Both Jacket, Trousers and Visor Hat are in excellent condition. The Visor hat has fully embroidered insignia. The cap is constructed of a fine-quality olive-drab wool which features an interior side wall reinforcement. Both the upper edge of the cap band and outer edge of the crown are fully trimmed with lengths of gold bullion wire piping which meet in place with vertical bands descending over the sides of the cap at the right, left, and back. Embroidered directly onto the peak is a striking insignia consisting of a Spanish Army emblem in the form of a gold bullion wire national eagle, topped by a multi-colored crown and overlaid by a red cross. The eagle measures 4 cm (w) x 5 cm (h) overall. Directly below the eagle, the centre of the cap band features an additional embroidered Teniente General's insignia, measuring 4.5 cm (w) x 3.5 cm (h). Flanking the cap band are dual gilded magnetic metal buttons featuring raised Army insignia, securing in place a decorative gold bullion wire chinstrap. The former rests upon a protruding visor with a solid internal reinforced, fully lined in identical wool. Machine-embroidered onto the obverse of the visor is a length of gold bullion wire leaves, trimmed on the outer edge by a scalloped fringe of identical construction. The interior of the cap band is surrounded by a gray leather sweatband measuring 4 cm in width, while the interior is also fully encompassed by a red liner.  Maker marked to ESCANO of Melilla. The M43 jacket is finely tailored by Sastreria Diaz of Madrid and is named but is difficult to read. The jacket is set up for several awards and badges. The trousers are tailored by the same company and named to the same General. Tunic is roughly a size 40. Excellent. The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, and consisted of various socialist, communist, separatist, anarchist, and republican parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and traditionalists led by a military junta among whom General Francisco Franco quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international political climate at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as class struggle, a religious struggle, a struggle between dictatorship and republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, and between fascism and communism. According to Claude Bowers, U.S. ambassador to Spain during the war, it was the "dress rehearsal" for World War II. The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975. The war began after the partial failure of the coup d'état of July 1936 against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, with General Emilio Mola as the primary planner and leader and General José Sanjurjo as a figurehead. The government at the time was a coalition of Republicans, supported in the Cortes by communist and socialist parties, under the leadership of centre-left president Manuel Azaña. The Nationalist faction was supported by several conservative groups, including CEDA, monarchists, including both the opposing Alfonsists and the religious conservative Carlists, and the Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist political party. After the deaths of Sanjurjo, Emilio Mola, and Manuel Goded Llopis, Franco emerged as the remaining leader of the Nationalist side. The coup was supported by military units in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Zaragoza, Valladolid, Cádiz, Córdoba, and Seville. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities—such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga—did not gain control. Those cities remained under the control of the government, leaving Spain militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Portugal, while the Republican side received support from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government but followed an official policy of non-intervention. Despite this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict. They fought mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades, which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. After much of Catalonia was captured in 1938 and 1939, and Madrid cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. Following the fall without resistance of Barcelona in January 1939, the Francoist regime was recognised by France and the United Kingdom in February 1939. On 5 March 1939, in response to an alleged increasing communist dominance of the Republican government and the deteriorating military situation, Colonel Segismundo Casado led a military coup against the Republican government, intending to seek peace with the Nationalists. These peace overtures, however, were rejected by Franco. Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. Hundreds of thousands of Spaniards fled to refugee camps in southern France. Those associated with the losing Republicans who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. Franco established a dictatorship in which all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of his regime. The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired worldwide and for the many atrocities that occurred. Organised purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime. Mass executions on a lesser scale also took place in areas controlled by the Republicans, with the participation of local authorities varying from location to location.

WWII Soviet Union Hat and long robe called a Cherkeska. Both are in excellent condition. The Cherkeska is a long gray wool with red piping and silk red non adjustable French style cuffs. Just above each sleeve is the Bullion Rank of Major General. The chest is adorned with two medals 1) SOVIET ORDER OF THE PATRIOTIC WAR SECOND CLASS. This order was the first Soviet medal established during the war and the first to be divided into classes. It was awarded as 1st and 2nd Classes for personal bravery, staunchness and courage for those who fought during the German-Soviet War. The award depicts a five pointed, red enamel star with silver rays extending from the background with a crossed saber and rifle. A golden hammer and sickle sit on a red enamel background that is surrounded by a white enamel ring that has imprinted "Patriotic War." To the reverse is a central threaded post and convex disc. Etched to the reverse is the serial number "3085483." 2) SOVIET VOROSHILOV HORSEMAN AWARD BADGE. Approved by the Central Council of Osoaviakhim on June 2, 1936. It was awarded for the successful fulfillment of the standards, as well as for the ability to provide first aid to horses, knowledge of their diseases and exemplary patronage of foals. RUSSIAN VOLUNTEER WWII COSSACK PAPAKHA is also in excellent condition. The Despite the defections that were taking place, the majority of the Cossack's remained loyal to the Soviet Union, fighting for their country whilst others fought for the German invaders in the hopes of defeating Stalin's rule, also the Germans consider Cossack's descendants of the Goths, rather than simply 'Slavs' like the rest of the Soviet Union, so they were given a more special status and due to the heavy fighting on the Eastern Front, they also were willing to take any anti-Soviet volunteer help they could. Many of the Wehrmacht Cossack's fought for what they hoped would be Cossack autonomy if the Germans were victorious but what was more likely to happen would be that like the Russian Liberation Army also, once their "usefulness" to the Nazis had been fulfilled they'd have brought under Nazi rule by force or executed if they objected, the betrayers would have been betrayed. It's surprising to think they actually expected the Nazi's to hand over the whole of Russia and Ukraine to the Andrey Vlasov and his bunch of "Russian Liberation Army" of defectors and that the Nazis would allow the Cossacks to 'rule themselves' in any way, shape or form. In the earliest battles, particularly the encirclement of Belostok Cossack units such as the 94th Beloglisnky, 152nd Rostovsky and 48th Belorechensky regiments fought to their deaths and in the opening phase of the war, during the German advance towards Moscow, Cossack's became extensively used for the raids behind enemy lines. For the latter part of the war, although the Cossacks did prove especially useful in reconnaissance and rear guards, the war did show that the age of horse cavalry had come to an end. The famous IVth Guards Kuban Cossack Regiment which took part in heavy fighting in the course of the liberation of Southern Ukraine and Romania was allowed to proudly march on the Red Square in the famous Victory parade of 1945 as demonstrated on the above right soldier. The traditional dress of the Cossack's consists of a long robe called a 'Cherkeska' (Meaning Circassian in Russian), a traditional item of clothing worn by people of Caucasus, the metal caps on the chest are "Gaziri catridges", these are ornamental imitations of the real paper cartridge tubes used in the musket era. The traditional belt adorned with metal engravings is called a "Poyas Kavkazskiy" which is worn by men in the Caucasus. The fur cap is similar to the 1931 style Ushanka before the earflaps were introduced, the "Kubanka" is a traditional Kuban Cossack headwear and was worn by Wehrmacht Cossacks also but obviously with different insignia. The red robes worn underneath are called a 'Beshmet', this specific piece of clothing was introduced by Order of People's Commissar for Defence of USSR ? 67 on the 23rd April 1936 along with the Cherkeska and Kubanka, officers would be piped with gold lace and the 1935 style collar tabs would be worn with blue piping designating cavalry.  The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

Lot includes: "US" marked Springfield 1873 Trapdoor bayonet. No scabbard. "RIA" marked M1905 Springfield Bayonet, dated "1909" under a flaming bomb. No scabbard. Blade has been sharpened. "RIA" marked M1905 Springfield Bayonet, dated "1906" under a flaming bomb. No scabbard. Blade has been sharpened. "1917" dated Remington M1917 Enfield bayonet. "eagles head" proofed. No scabbard. "1917" dated Remington M1917 Enfield bayonet. "eagles head" proofed. No scabbard. United Cutlery M1905 bayonet, modified to M1 configuration. With "U.S." in flaming bomb proof. United Cutlery M1905 bayonet, modified to M1 configuration. With WW2 era scabbard. U.S. Imperial M6 bayonet with "PWH" marked M8A1 scabbard. "USN" marked Ka-Bar MK2 fighting knife, with "U.S.N./MK2"BM co production scabbard. Blade has been sharpened. "USN" marked Ka-Bar MK2 fighting knife, with "U.S.N./MK2"BM co production scabbard. Tip is broken off. Scabbard has been tapped. Camilius fighting knife with "USN" marked leather scabbard. Blades tip is brokwn off. CONDITION: Range fair-good overall, with surface rust and wear. Scabbards range from good-very good. JWA

Lot includes: "1943" American Fork And Hoe M1 bayonet with no scabbard. Milpar M6 bayonet with no scabbard. "RIA/flaming bomb/1908" marked M1905 bayonet cut down/made into fighting knife. Aerial M6 bayonet with no scabbard. Union Fork And Hoe M1 bayonet cut down into fighting knife. Scabbard is cut down as well. "1903" dated Springfield 1898 Krag bayonet with no scabbard. Areial M5 bayonet with "WD" marked M8A1 scabbard. "1942" dated Union Fork & Hoe M1905 bayonet cut down to M1 length, in M1 scabbard. "PAL" M1 bayonet in scabbard. Has no grips. American Fork & Hoe M1 bayonet. Has no grips. "SA/flaming bomb/1920" marked M1905 bayonet cut down/made into fighting knife, with WW2 M1 scabbard. "1943" marked Union Fork & Hoe M1905 bayonet modified to M1 configuration and nickel finished. "RIA/flaming bomb/1906" marked M1905 bayonet with canvas scabbard. Scabbard is fair. "1901" dated 1898 Springfield Krag bayonet cut down into fighting knife. CONDITION: All range from fair to good. Some have heavy wear and light surface rust. Some of the fighting knives are possible theater cut downs. Scabbards are all good overall.

Lot includes: Toyoda Loom/Nagoya with scabbard (painted). Straight quillon, squared pommel. Kokura with hooked quillon and birds head pommel. Painted black scabbard. Kokura with hooked quillon, birds head pommel. No scabbard. Unmarked/refinished with hooked quillon and birds head grip. Rare jinsen with straight quillon and squared pommel. With blued scabbard. Nagoya with hooked quillon and birds head pommel. No scabbard. National Denki under Kokura supervision with straight quillon and birds head pommel. Blued steel scabbard. Kokura with hooked quillon and birds head pommel. blued scabbard has leather frog. CONDITION: All range from fair-good, with some having light surface rust. Wood grips have handling marks, scrapes and cracks. Some scabbards have light surface rust. JWA

Lot includes; 1. Unmarked, 10" blade, with painted black scabbard, and nickel handle and pommel. Checkered black plastic grips. 2. Richard Herder marked, 7-3/4" blade, with black painted scabbard/leather frog. 3. "AWJR/SOLINGEN" marked with bright 7-1/4" blade, nickeled grips/pommel. Checkered black plastic grips. Painted black scabbard with no frog hook. 4. Unmarked, with custom lions head handle. Blade is bright. Scabbard is painted black. CONDITION: All are very good overall, with light wear and finish loss. Blades have light scratches. Scabbards have light finish loss as well.

Lot includes: "ANKER-WERKE/BIELEFIEL" marked 1898/05. No scabbard. Right grip panel is chipped. "FICHTEL & SACHS/SCHWEINFURT" marked 1898/05. No scabbard. Added lacquer finish throughout. Samson Werke M1914 Sawback with incorrect metal scabbard and frog, dated "1918". RIght grip panel is broken off. Leather frog has heavy wear and crazing. "dot/42" code S.24(t) for G.24(t) rifle. Ricasso is numberedand waffenamnts present on both scabbard and pommer. "42asw" marked on the ricasso, with Waffenamnts on the pommel. No scabbard. "43fnj" marked with "fze/42" marked scababrd. Waffen proofs present on both. Blued, with red bakelite grips. "cvl" marked with matching numbered metal scabbard/frog. Waffen proofs present. Brown bakelite grip panels. Added lacquer finish. 1898 pattern, cut down to K98 pattern. Imperial proofed on the barrel ridge. Includes a gray painted scabbard. Smooth wood grips. "F.W.HOLLER" marked on the ricasso. Brown bakelite grips. No scabbard. Tip of blade is broken off. Unmarked K98 battern with 10" blade. Wood grips. CONDITION: Bayonets are all fair-very good. Some have wear and surface rust. Some grips have wear, dents and scrapes. JWA

Lot includes: 1. M1874 Gras made by St. Etienne in 1878. No scabbard. 2. M1874 Gras made by St. Etienne in 1876. No scabbard. 3. M1874 Gras by Steyr in 1884. With non matching scabbard. 4.M1874 Gras made by Chatellerault in 1882, with matching scabbard.. 5. M1866 Chassepot. made by St. Etienne in 1874. No scabbard. 6. M1886 Lebel with non matching metal scabbard. 7. M1886 Lebel with no scabbard. CONDITION: Fair-very good overall, with some having wear and surface rust. Grips are good overall. JWA

Lot includes: 1. Clyde cutlery production USMC Corpsman knife with "BOYT/45" marked leather sheath. 2. USMC Corpsman knife with "BOYT/45" marked leather sheath. 3. "VILLAGE BLACKSMITH" marked USMC Corpsman knife. No sheath. 4. Catillon made USMC Corpsman knife. Customized grip. No sheath. Wood grips are cracked and broken. 5. "CLYDE" marked machete with "1966" dated rubberized sheath. CONDITION: All are good overall, with wear and discoloration. Some have light surface rust. Leather sheath studs have light verdigris. JWA

Lot includes: 1. Springfield Armory "1917" dated M1917 bolo knife. No scababrd. 2. Plumb made "1918" dated M1917 bolo knife. No scabbard. 3. USMC Corpsman knife. No sheath. 4. Village Blacksmith made USMC Corpsman knife with "BOYT/42" marked leather sheath. 5. Chatillon USMC Corpsman knife. No sheath. 6. Chatillon USMC Corpsman knife. No sheath or grips. 7. United cutlery M1 bayonet cut down into a fighting knife, with a custom leather sheath. CONDITION: All are fair-good overall, with some having wear and light surface rust. Grips have handling marks and scrapes. JWA

Lot includes: British pattern 1876 socket bayonet with leather scabbard. Proofs removed from ricasso. British pattern 1876 socket bayonet with no scabbard. Dated "83" on the ricasso. British pattern 1876 socket bayonet with leather scabbard. Strong proofs on the ricasso. Wilkinson Pattern 1907 bayonet, dated "15". With leather scabbard. Sanders Pattern 1907 bayonet, dated "11". With leather scabbard. Rare Australian Lithgow Patttern 1907 with leather scabbard. Wilkinson Pattern 1907 bayonet, dated "18". With leather scabbard. "13" dated Pattern 1907 bayonet. No scabbard. "18" dated Wilkinson Pattern 1907 bayonet. No scabbard. "14" dated Pattern 1907 bayonet. No scabbard. 2X British No.4 MK II spike bayonets. One has a sheath. Other does not. "M&D" Canada made "1916" jack knife. CONDITION: Everything is good overall, with general wear and finish loss. Some items have light surface rust. Scabbards are good overall. JWA

Lot includes: 1. Argentine 1891 Mauser with no scabbard. Made by Weyersberg Kirschbaum & Co. 2. Argentine 1891 Mauser with no scabbard. Made by Weyersberg Kirschbaum & Co. 3. Mauser bayonet with brass grips and improvised leather scababrd. Missing button attachment. 4. Spanish 1893 Mauser bayonet (Toledo Arsenal), with leather scabbard. likely British. 5. Spanish 1893 Mauser bayonet (Toledo Arsenal), with no scabbard. 6.Unknown Mauser style with painted green scabbard. Missing button release. 7. Swedish M1894/14 Mauser bayonet with metal scabbard. 8. Swedish M1894/14 Mauser bayonet with matching serial metal scabbard. 9. Swiss M1914 Sawback for K11/K31 rifles, made by Waffenfabrik Neuhausen. With metal scabbard. 10. Swiss M1914 Sawback for K11/K31 rifles. Stamped "HS" on the ricasso. With blued steel scabbard. 11. Swiss M1914 Sawback for K11/K31 rifles, made by Waffenfabrik Neuhausen. With non correct leather scabbard. 12. Russian 1891 Mosin bayonet. No scabbard. 13. Russian M91/30 bayonet. No scabbard. 14. "U.S." marked 1873 trapdoor bayonet. No scabbard. CONDITION: All are fair-very good. Some have light surface rust and wear. Some have light wear to the grips. JWA

Lot includes: 1. WW2 era K98 Mauser bayonet. Markings on blade are obscured. No scabbard. 2. Terni M91 Carcano bayonet with no scabbard. 3. Italian M91 Carcano bayonet with leather scabbard. 4. Italian M38 fixed blade bayonet with metal scabbard. Black leather frog. 5. Argentine Model 1891 Mauser bayonet with matching metal scabbard. 6. Unmarked Chassepot style bayonet. No scabbard. 7. Russian M91 Mosin Nagant blued steel bayonet. No scabbard. 8. Russian M91/30 Mosin Nagant blued steel bayonet. No scabbard. 9. European socket bayonet. 16" blade. 10. European socket bayonet. 13" blade. Broken. CONDITION: Everything is fair-good overall. Some have light surface rust and patina. JWA

Victorian British Shako with Blue and Black Plume The black felt covered helmet is in excellent condition with leather trim. To the front, an eight pointed star and to the center a fine blue enameled badge. The brass chain scales are complete and also in excellent condition. To the rear is a gold and red bullion officers cord. Helmet is roughly a size 57. Excellent. The Shako came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

Victorian British Shako with white pom pom plume. The blue felt covered helmet is in excellent condition with leather trim. To the front, a six pointed star and to the center a fine blue enameled badge with interlocking VG 1. The leather chinstrap is complete and also in excellent condition. Helmet is roughly a size 57. Excellent. The Shako came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired.

WW1 shell casing from German heavy artillery. 7"dia and 41" tall brass case. Markings on the bottom are, 3 JUNE 1918 PATRONFNFABRIK KARLSRUHE with OP255 over the letter i.

This lot is as follows, 1- Cardboard tube for 81mm mortar round. 1- German Dou 43/44 20 mm round *INERT* 1- 1943 37mm M51B1 projectile *INERT* 1- 1944 37 mm M80 round with steel case. *INERT* 1- 30mm Dummy round PGU 16A *INERT* 1- Dummy Cluster bomb *INERT* 6- 20mm linked dummy rounds *INERT* 1- Trench art ash tray from US Navy 3/50 MK 7 Mod1 1- Wooden ammo crate.

1-Round Bakelite grenade with detonator and Pin & Ring unknown mfg. 1- Remote detonator with trip wire pin unknown mfg. 1- Bio-Chem bag for gas mask.

US Army Air Force type A-1B Navigators observing dome. This type was used on the folling bombers. B-17, B-24, B-25, and B-29. It was located forward of the cockpit on some bombers. Some were found to the rear of the cockpit. It was used to take Sextant and Astrocompass readings.

Lot of Zippo and others Vietnam Era Lighter lot to include 1) Zippo Lighter that is engraved "HANK GRUSKA 240TH AHC CAMP BEAR CAT MAD DOG VC FOR LUNCH BUNCH 1969" Applied to the lighter is a Skull. 2) Zippo Lighter that is engraved "PFC. SANCHEZ 25TH INF "POINT MAN" VIETNAM" with a applied to the front a coin that reads " I am a Catholic In Case Of Accident please Notify a Priest. 3) Zippo Lighter that is engraved TOM SCOTT MARY PROTECT MY SON VIET NAM with a St. Christopher badge applied to the front. 4) Zippo Lighter that is engraved CAPT. TORRIE USAF BEN HOA "MIG SMOKER" THUNDERCHIEF. 5) Ronson Light that is engraved Philippines 1961 6) Zippo Lighter that is engraved with a set of Jump Wings and 173RD ABN COMBAT JUMP JUNCTION CITY VIETNAM 1967 PVT. H. WASHBURN. 7) Zippo Lighter with a Cruciform and is engraved VIETNAM 65 CPL. LANCE USMC GOD HELP ME SURVIVE MY TOUR.

Lot of Zippo and others Vietnam Era Lighter lot to include 1) Zippo Lighter that is engraved S./SGT. ROAK MARINE GUARD U.S. EMBASSY 2) Zippo Lighter engraved MYERS USMC BLOOD MAKES THE GRASS GROWMARINES MAKE THE BLOOD FLOW HUE 1969. 3) Zippo Lighter that is engraved SGT. PALMER U.S.M.C. DA NANG. with what appears to be an insignia from the Cong made from a beer can. 4) Zippo Lighter that is engraved SAIGON VIETNAM "GOOD LUCK" 5) PENGUIN LIGHTER that is engraved Airmen's Open Mess Clark AB 13th Air Force. 6) Zippo Lighter that is engraved Lt. Douglas VA-25 U.S.S. Midway Yankee Station with a plane applied to the front.  7) Zippo Lighter that is engraved HOSPITAL SHIP REPOSE DOC JOHNSON U.S.N. DA NANG HARBOR FOR ALL THE LIVES YOU SAVED THANKS MT-3 8) Zippo Lighter that is engraved SGT. JIM DAVIS 173RD ABN WHEN I KILL ALL I FEEL IS THE RECOIL OF MY M-16 65 VIETNAM 66.

Imperial German Army 9th Wurttemberg 127 Regiment Regimental Reserve Stein. Issued to Musketier Stickel and dated 1904-1906. Overall measures 11.5" tall. Nice condition with a roster of the company to the reverse, nicely hand painted, has lithophane of a man holding the hand of a woman. Excellent.

Gray wool soldier's 1915 Pattern field blouse made from an Imperial German overcoat. It features a concealed button fly front, turned-back sleeve cuffs, two lower internal button-fastened pockets and a green coloured fold-down collar. The five concealed front fly buttons are made from wood, whilst the buttons on the lower pockets and shoulders are brown painted dome-shaped pressed metal buttons, featuring the Prussian crown. It has a sewn-in metal belt support on either hip. The shoulder straps are of the white-piped infantry pattern, featuring a stitched-on numeral 25. The jacket is fully lined with cotton liner. Excellent.

Lot includes: 1. EF Horster K98 bayonet with matching scabbard. Dated "1939". Waffen marks present. Blued finish, with brown bakelite grips. Blade has been lightly sharpened. 2."41agv" code K98 Mauser bayonet with matching scabbard. Waffen proofs present. Brown bakelite grips. 3. Coppel production with a non matching scabbard. Scabbard has been painted black. Waffen proofs present. 4. Unmarked K98 style with no visible markings or numbers. Possibly Yugo production. Blued scabbard. Wooden grips. 5. "44 cvl" marked K98 with non matching scabbard/frog. Waffenamnts are present. Frog was painted black. CONDITION: All are fair-good overall, with wear and finish loss. Some has light surface rust. Frog has heavy crazing and wear. JWA

Lot consist of Polish fighting knife w/ scabbard , Swiss Dress dagger with scabbard, un-marked FN-FAL bayonet w/ scabbard, Glock 81 dated fighting no w/o scabbard, Swiss bayonet w/o scabbard, US M7 bayonet w/o scabbard, un-marked one piece rubber handled M4 bayonet w/o scabbard, WW2 German trench knife scabbard, German scabbard for M16 bayonet w/ wire cutter, Polish Airborne fighting knife scabbard, WW1 German trench knife scabbard. CONDITIONS very from excellent to good

WWII Japanese lot to include 1) WWII JAPANESE CERAMIC LANDMINE TYPE 3 WW2. WWII Japanese Type 3 TerraCotta Anti Vehicular / Anti personnel Landmine. Late war heavy pottery mine. Measures 4-1/4" X 8-7/8", very good condition. 2) WWII JAPANESE CIVILIAN HELMET WITH LINER WW2. WWII Japanese Civil Defense Helmet with Fabric and Liner and chinstrap. Brass emblem to the front. Excellent.

This is a Vietnam Conflict period South Vietnamese Viet Cong Infantryman. They were commonly called "Gorilla's", due to their irregular army status. These indigenous troops usually wore black pajama style clothing, which is commonly worn by many Vietnam civilians. This particular uniform is very rare, as it was taken from a Viet Cong sniper. Snipers were rarely captured alive, as they were a very disliked type of soldier. This sniper has his camouflage "Ho Chi Min" sun helmet, rice carrying bag and truck tire rubber sandals. excellent. The Camo set came to us from the American Armored Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. Mr. Gasser is still active as Volunteer Director and Curator of the Tank Museum and his knowledge of military history has been a great asset to the museum. Unfortunately after 20 years of operation it had to close its doors, which is when this was acquired. The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and a major conflict of the Cold War. While the war was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the US and anti-communist allies. This made it a proxy war between the US and Soviet Union. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct US military involvement ending in 1973. The conflict spilled into the Laotian and Cambodian civil wars, which ended with all three countries becoming communist by 1976. After the fall of French Indochina with the 1954 Geneva Conference on 21 July, the country gained independence from France but was divided into two parts: the Viet Minh took control of North Vietnam, while the US assumed financial and military support for South Vietnam. The Viet Cong (VC), a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of the north, initiated a guerrilla war in the south. The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare with US and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces. North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1958, establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the VC. By 1963, the north had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in the south. US involvement increased under President John F. Kennedy, from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 23,000 by 1964. Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, the US Congress passed a resolution that gave President Johnson authority to increase military presence in Vietnam, without a declaration of war. Johnson ordered deployment of combat units and dramatically increased American troops to 184,000.US and South Vietnamese forces relied on air supremacy and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations. The US conducted a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam and built up its forces, despite little progress. In 1968, North Vietnam launched the Tet Offensive; a tactical defeat, but a strategic victory, as it caused US domestic support to fade. In 1969, North Vietnam declared the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. The 1970 deposing of Cambodia's monarch, resulted in a PAVN invasion of the country, and then a US-ARVN counter-invasion, escalating Cambodia's Civil War. After Richard Nixon's election in 1969, a policy of "Vietnamization" began, which saw the conflict fought by an expanded ARVN, while US forces withdrew due to domestic opposition. US ground forces had mostly withdrawn by 1972; their operations limited to air and artillery support, advisors, and materiel shipments. The 1973 Paris Peace Accords saw all US forces withdrawn and were broken almost immediately: fighting continued for two years. Phnom Penh fell to the Khmer Rouge in April 1975, while the 1975 spring offensive saw the Fall of Saigon to the PAVN, marking the end of the war. North and South Vietnam were reunified on 2 July the following year. The war exacted enormous human cost: estimates of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed range from 970,000 to 3 million. Some 275,000–310,000 Cambodians, 20,000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 US service members died. Its end would precipitate the Vietnamese boat people and the larger Indochina refugee crisis, which saw millions leave Indochina, an estimated 250,000 perished at sea. The Khmer Rouge carried out the Cambodian genocide, while conflict between them and the unified Vietnam escalated into the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. In response, China invaded Vietnam, with subsequent border conflicts lasting until 1991. Within the US, the war gave rise to Vietnam syndrome, a public aversion to American overseas military involvement, which, with the Watergate scandal, contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. The US destroyed 20% of South Vietnam's jungle and 20–50% of the mangrove forests, by spraying over 20 million U.S. gallons (75 million liters) of toxic herbicides a notable example of ecocide.

Marshal of the Soviet Union, parade uniform with visor hat and summer uniform. Uniform is from the Chief Armorer and has the rank of Marshall of the Soviet Union. The complete uniform has beautiful bullion work throughout. The visor hat is in matching condition and comes with a set of Generals trousers and a hard to find White Summer Dress Uniform Jacket.  The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

North Vietnamese Lieutenant Generals Tunic being a white jacket with a five button front (one missing) and is unlined with four patch pockets to the chest. The pockets are lined in purple silk. To the collar are Lieutenant Generals insignia. The Uniform came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum. The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and a major conflict of the Cold War. While the war was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam, the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist states, while the south was supported by the US and anti-communist allies. This made it a proxy war between the US and Soviet Union. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct US military involvement ending in 1973. The conflict spilled into the Laotian and Cambodian civil wars, which ended with all three countries becoming communist by 1976. After the fall of French Indochina with the 1954 Geneva Conference on 21 July, the country gained independence from France but was divided into two parts: the Viet Minh took control of North Vietnam, while the US assumed financial and military support for South Vietnam. The Viet Cong (VC), a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of the north, initiated a guerrilla war in the south. The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare with US and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces. North Vietnam invaded Laos in 1958, establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the VC. By 1963, the north had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in the south. US involvement increased under President John F. Kennedy, from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 23,000 by 1964. Following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in 1964, the US Congress passed a resolution that gave President Johnson authority to increase military presence in Vietnam, without a declaration of war. Johnson ordered deployment of combat units and dramatically increased American troops to 184,000. US and South Vietnamese forces relied on air supremacy and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations. The US conducted a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam and built up its forces, despite little progress. In 1968, North Vietnam launched the Tet Offensive; a tactical defeat, but a strategic victory, as it caused US domestic support to fade. In 1969, North Vietnam declared the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. The 1970 deposing of Cambodia's monarch, resulted in a PAVN invasion of the country, and then a US-ARVN counter-invasion, escalating Cambodia's Civil War. After Richard Nixon's election in 1969, a policy of "Vietnamization" began, which saw the conflict fought by an expanded ARVN, while US forces withdrew due to domestic opposition. US ground forces had mostly withdrawn by 1972; their operations limited to air and artillery support, advisors, and materiel shipments. The 1973 Paris Peace Accords saw all US forces withdrawn and were broken almost immediately: fighting continued for two years. Phnom Penh fell to the Khmer Rouge in April 1975, while the 1975 spring offensive saw the Fall of Saigon to the PAVN, marking the end of the war. North and South Vietnam were reunified on 2 July the following year. The war exacted enormous human cost: estimates of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed range from 970,000 to 3 million. Some 275,000–310,000 Cambodians, 20,000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 US service members died. Its end would precipitate the Vietnamese boat people and the larger Indochina refugee crisis, which saw millions leave Indochina, an estimated 250,000 perished at sea. The Khmer Rouge carried out the Cambodian genocide, while conflict between them and the unified Vietnam escalated into the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. In response, China invaded Vietnam, with subsequent border conflicts lasting until 1991. Within the US, the war gave rise to Vietnam syndrome, a public aversion to American overseas military involvement, which, with the Watergate scandal, contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. The US destroyed 20% of South Vietnam's jungle and 20–50% of the mangrove forests, by spraying over 20 million U.S. gallons (75 million liters) of toxic herbicides; a notable example of ecocide.

The Katana has a 25" cutting edge. The blade is bright with an active hamon. The one hole tang is signed. The Katana has shin gunto mounts and saya. The tsuka has ray skin grip and silk wrap. The tsuba is iron and is numbered 926. The spacers are also numbered 926. CONDITION: Strong oriignal condition. Could use some light cleaning. Saya has some scattered wear and handling marks. Excellent

Beautiful Katana with bright blade with 26" cutting edge. The blade is bright with an active hamon. The one hole tang is signed. The Katana has shin gunto mounts and saya. The tsuka has ray skin grip and silk wrap. CONDITION: The Katana is very clean throughout and only showsminor wear. A very well preserved example. Excellent

This Imperial Japanese Leather Tanker Helmet is from the AAF Tank Museum in Danville Va. Winter pattern tank crew helmet, as used from the early 1930s until the end of the war, constructed from layers of pressed paper or cork beneath an integral, water-resistant leather cover. All original insignia, complete rabbit fur liner. Shows the expected age and use. Scarce. The helmet came to us from the American Armoured Foundation, Inc. Tank and Ordnance Memorial Museum. The AAF Tank Museum was a living memorial dedicated to the Tank and Cavalry soldiers of the world. Before 1981 some of the artifacts that make up the AAF Tank Museum was a private collection belonging to Mr. William Gasser. Mr. Gasser felt that his collection would be beneficial in educating present and future generations to the sacrifices made and the technologies gained during war. Therefore, in 1981 the AAF Tank Museum was established as a non-profit charitable organization, and Mr. Gasser donated his private collection to the Tank Museum.

World War II Japanese Pilot Kamikaze headband measuring 34 inches when folded four times just showing the sun with its 4 inches wide. The unfolded measurement is 34 X 14 1/2 and is one sided. These were worn by Japanese aviators who began performing suicide attacks on Allied vessels in October 1944, and ending in August 1945. Excellent. 1235-270

Lot of WWII Italian items to include 1) M40 Italian Logistics Service Uniform. Four button front with four pleated pockets. Jacket is in excellent condition. 2) 68th Infantry Regiment "Legnano" Overseas Cap. Hat has a wool body and to the front a 68th Infantry hat badge that is fully embroidered. The interior is fully lined with a patterned blue silk with a full gray leather sweatband. 3) Italian Canteen with Sling. An aluminum canteen covered in grey/green woolen covering. To either side are welded "D-rings through which would pass grey/green web straps. The canteen has an aluminum screw top with an aluminum plug in the top secured by a chain. Excellent. 4) Italian Haversack. Canvas and straps are excellent. 5) WWII Italian Enlisted Ammo Belt with Cartridge Box and Bayonet. A textbook green leather belt that measures approximately 33mm x 109cm (43") long. Shows light/moderate usage and wear. Cartridge Box is in matching condition as is the Bayonet. 6) WWII Italian Gas Mask Bag. Bag and shoulder strap are excellent. 1235-455 1235-461 1235-463 1253-460 1235-464 1235-459

Helmet model 33 with crowned unit insignia with Crossed Swords to the front in 80% light green color, beautiful condition complete in all its parts with patina of time excellent internal liner and chinstrap not damaged. 1235-462

Standard cotton construction khaki-colored field cap with neck flaps used by the Japanese army until the end of the war. Above its stiffened short visor is a sewn golden five-pointed star. Three stitched ventilation grommets are to each side of the cap. Two grommets are to either side of the vertical slash to the reverse of the cap; the three adjustable tie string loops. The interior is not lined. 1235-254

A fur-lined, medium brown cotton one-piece flight suit, as introduced in 1937. It has a zippered vertical front closure, with a single button and button-holed tab to its top and four button French fly to the right of the main zipper. Its fur-lined, lay-down collar has two buttons to its left underside through each of which are fed triple button-holed tabs which mate with corresponding dual buttons under the right collar. Another button may also be seen positioned further back on the left underside of the collar. All of the buttons to the angled French fly and to the zig-zag stitched underside of the fur-lined collar are of 2cm diameter olive drab bakelite. A large patch pocket is to each breast, each with a vertical zipper under a French fly next to the front closure. A 7.5cm tall tunnel loop for a belt runs along the reverse of the waist, ending above each hip, with leather reinforcing to the left hip. Zippered vertical slashes are to each hip, allowing access to the interior. To the front of both thighs are fur-lined, pleated patch pockets whose top openings are diagonally angled. The cuffs of each sleeve and to the base of each leg have zipper closures with wind flaps. All of the zipper closures work, and all have short "pulls," in the same material as the suit, looped through their tabs. The zipper tab to the front closure is stamped. Heating cord has been removed, which is common. The chest measures approximately 40". Very nice example. 1235-402

WWII Imperial Japanese Naval landing Force Type 44 Samurai Sword WWII Signed Nobumitsu & Dated 20th Year of Showa, 2nd Month February 1945. Nice Strait Temper. Over all 39 1/2" cutting edge 26" Excellent.

Large silk flag measuring 40" by 28". Large amount of Kanji, original ties to the corners. Excellent.

Attractive Vietnam Era Party Suit from a member of the 52nd Aviation Combat Battalion AKA Flying Dragons. The suit was tailored most likely in Japan and is nicely patched out with direct embroidery also. The wearer's left sleeve is a theater made American Flag and directly embroidered "Col. Potters Flying Circus". To the chest is a pair of White Direct Embroidered Pilot Wings. To the right is his name tape Jerry Fenton and also 52nd Aviation Battalion Combat Flying Dragons Patch, all directly embroidered. On the shoulder is a Korean Flag patch and LAGNAF acronynm for lets all get naked and fuck. Lastly to each leg, an embroidered Dragon. Also in the lot are several loose insignia including Lt. Col. Jerry Fenton's Name Plate. Suit is in excellent condition and roughly a size 36. 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion "Flying Dragons" Patch - Camp Holloway (Pleiku) Dragon Mountain - II Corps - The 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion arrived in Vietnam in February 1963 and made their base at Pleiku. The 52nd CAB operated throughout the years of the war and was the largest Aviation Battalion in the 1st Aviation Brigade. Aviation Units assigned to the battalion were, the Gladiators of the 57th Assault Helicopter Co., Pink Panthers of the 119th Assault Helicopter Co., Stage Coach of the 155th Assault Helicopter Co., Bikinis of the 170th Assault Helicopter Co., Shrimp Boats of the 179th Assault Support Helicopter Co., Ghost Riders of the 189th Assault Helicopter Company, Pink Panthers of the 361st Aerial Weapons Co., A Company/227th Assault Helicopter Co., (3rd Assault Helicopter Co) (1971-72), and the Sugar Bears of the C Company/228th Assault Helicopter Co. (1971 - 72). The Flying Dragons of the 52nd CAB covered the Central Highlands of II Corps mountainous terrain with 7,000 foot peaks. The terrain made flying even more dangerous with fog in the valleys and emergency LZ's hard to find. They supported the 4th and 25th Infantry Divisions as well as ARVN units. The battalion participated in Tet '68, and in 1970 spearheaded flight support for the Northeast Cambodian Cross-Border Operations. The battalion departed Vietnam in April 1972. The 52nd Combat Aviation Battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Valorous Unit Award.

WWII Japanese Field Gear Lot to include 1) WWII JAPANESE ARMY SOLDIERS NATL. FLAG W/ KANJI. Measuring 11 X 12 inches with a lot of kanji.. Excellent. 2) WWII JAPANESE ARMY SOLDIERS NATIONAL. FLAG. Measuring 12 X 14 inches and in excellent condition 3) WWII JAPANESE LEATHER BELT WITH SIDE AND REAR POUCH. All are in excellent condition. 4) WWII JAPANESE AIRCRAFT TIRE PRESSURE GAUGE WITH LEATHER POUCH. Gauge is in excellent condition.

WWII Japanese field gear lot to include 1) Imperial Japanese WWII Combat Gasmask With Canvas Bag. WWII Combat Gasmask With Canvas Bag.  A nice original Japanese military issued gasmask rarely seen with the original carrying bag. In excellent condition. 2) WWII Japanese Type 1934 Canteen with Harness. An olive-drab painted aluminum canteen with a wood stopper and webbed carrying harness. All complete and in excellent condition.

World War II Japanese Pilot Kamikaze headband measuring 34 inches when folded four times just showing the sun with its 4 inches wide. The unfolded measurement is 34 X 13 1/2 and is one sided. These were worn by Japanese aviators who began performing suicide attacks on Allied vessels in October 1944, and ending in August 1945. Excellent.

This is original Japanese Navy WWII 7.7mm x 58mm Machine Gun Ammunition. We believe this was used with the Type 92 machine guns that were mounted on naval ships. 50 rounds, unopened box of Armored Piercing cartridges. Excellent.

Large WWII Japanese National Flag with Kanji. Flag is made of silk and measures 29 X 34 inches with the original corners. Also comes with translation. Excellent

Measures about 53" by 25", well made of heavy wool. Has general wear and a tear. Displasy well. Very Good

Large silk flag measuring 17" by 26". Large amount of Kanji, original ties to the corners. Excellent

WWII Japanese Type 99 rubberized belt rig to include belt, Cavalry Ammo Pouch, Two Front Ammo Pouches. Excellent Untouched Condition.

The standard WWII Japanese infantry combat helmet. The shell constructed from chrome molybend steel shows loads of period wear and combat use. The original IJA metal star affixed to the front. The three pad pigskin liner and band is complete. The liner pads each have their original cloth padding bags and tie tapes attached. Size adjustment string is complete. The helmet is complete with its original cloth chinstrap and all rivets and rings. Nice untouched condition as brought back by a US vet at the end of the war. Excellent

The flare gun shows only minimal wear to the blued finish. The black Bakelite grips are without chips or cracks. The top of the flare gun exhibits markings to include the cherry blossom. The holster shows minimal wear and use. The holster retains the carrying strap. Excellent.

Battleship gray paint finish metal telephone casing with an elaborate receiver with a leather covered center portion of the handle. There is a nomenclature plate mounted to the body of the casing and a separate mouthpiece mounted to the side. The black rubber cord is excellent and looks as though it would work just fine.

WWII Japanese lot to include 1) WWII JAPANESE TYPE 89 KNEE MORTAR UPPER BODY WITH BAKELITE SHIPPING PLUG INERT WW2. Body retains most of the original paint. Excellent. Background: The Japanese Army, noting that grenades were short-ranged weapons, began efforts to optimize these weapons for close-in infantry fighting. After studying employment of grenades and mortars on the battlefield, the Japanese Army developed hand grenades, rifle grenades, and grenade/mortar shell dischargers (small mortars) suited to warfare in typical short-range combat environments such as urban, trench, and jungle warfare. As part of this effort, the Japanese Army had adopted by 1932 a set of fragmentation grenades with almost universal adaptability. The Type 91 fragmentation grenade could be thrown by hand, fired from a spigot-type launcher, or used in a mortar-like grenade discharger, the Type 89. Design and operation: The Type 89 Heavy Grenade Discharger was adopted in 1929 but production did not begin until 1932. It differs from the earlier Type 10 grenade discharger in that it has a rifled barrel. The Type 89 could fire two types of grenades or shells: the Type 91 Grenade, which was a normal infantry fragmentation grenade adapted to the Type 89 discharger, and the Type 89 50 mm shell, which was an impact-detonated shell with considerably more explosive power. When fired from the Type 89 discharger, the Type 91 fragmentation grenade was fitted with a propellant base and time fuse. It did not explode upon contact, but was designed to ignite its fuse while in flight. A weak creep spring inside the grenade firing mechanism allowed the firing pin to be thrown back upon launching, igniting a time fuse with a 7-8 second delay. Using this system, the Type 91 grenades could be launched through jungle cover or through small openings without the danger of premature detonation in the event the grenade struck an object on its way to the target. Although the Type 89 could be fired by a single person, it was typically operated with a crew of 3, enabling it to reach a rate of fire of about 25 rounds per minute. The Type 89 discharger could also be used with a more powerful impact-detonated shell approaching the power of a light mortar. Weighing approximately two pounds (approx. 900 g), it was known as the Type 89 50mm shell, and was made in high explosive (HE), incendiary and smoke variants. To fire the shell (which had a nose-mounted impact fuse that detonated on contact), it was dropped base-down inside the tube of the discharger. By setting the Type 89 discharger at a fixed angle of 45 degrees, and varying distance to target by adjusting the size of a variable chamber space inside the discharger mechanism (See also the Granatnik wz. 36), soldiers could adjust fire onto multiple targets at varying ranges while firing the contact-detonated 50 mm shell through a single small clearing in the jungle canopy. The method worked equally well when firing from deep trenches or pits, or between various building obstructions when fighting inside a built-up town or city. With its curved support plate, the Type 89 was designed to be placed on the ground or against a log or trunk at a fixed firing angle of 45 degrees. However, since it used a spring-loaded, lanyard-operated firing pin mechanism, in an emergency it could fire grenades or shells at point targets while braced horizontally against a tree or building. 2) WWII IMPERIAL JAPANESE 30MM AP CANNON ROUND. Shell is INERT and in excellent condition. The 30 mm Type 5 cannon was a Japanese Navy autocannon used near the end of World War II. It was an indigenous 30 mm design with better performance than the Navy's earlier Oerlikon-derived Type 2 or the Imperial Army's Browning-derived Ho-155, although it was considerably heavier. The Type 5 was to have become the standard fighter cannon of the Japanese Navy – four would have been mounted on the J7W Shinden – but by the end of the war had seen use on only a few aircraft, including variants of the Mitsubishi J2M and Yokosuka P1Y. 3) JAPANESE FUSE SHIPPING CONTAINER. Is in excellent condition still retaining the wood insert.

INERT WWII Japanese Type 89 "Knee" mortar round. Very nice condition with the original paint and all matching numbered parts. Background: The Japanese Army, noting that grenades were short-ranged weapons, began efforts to optimize these weapons for close-in infantry fighting. After studying employment of grenades and mortars on the battlefield, the Japanese Army developed hand grenades, rifle grenades, and grenade/mortar shell dischargers (small mortars) suited to warfare in typical short-range combat environments such as urban, trench, and jungle warfare. As part of this effort, the Japanese Army had adopted by 1932 a set of fragmentation grenades with almost universal adaptability. The Type 91 fragmentation grenade could be thrown by hand, fired from a spigot-type launcher, or used in a mortar-like grenade discharger, the Type 89. Design and operation: The Type 89 Heavy Grenade Discharger was adopted in 1929 but production did not begin until 1932. It differs from the earlier Type 10 grenade discharger in that it has a rifled barrel. The Type 89 could fire two types of grenades or shells: the Type 91 Grenade, which was a normal infantry fragmentation grenade adapted to the Type 89 discharger, and the Type 89 50 mm shell, which was an impact-detonated shell with considerably more explosive power. When fired from the Type 89 discharger, the Type 91 fragmentation grenade was fitted with a propellant base and time fuse. It did not explode upon contact, but was designed to ignite its fuse while in flight. A weak creep spring inside the grenade firing mechanism allowed the firing pin to be thrown back upon launching, igniting a time fuse with a 7-8 second delay. Using this system, the Type 91 grenades could be launched through jungle cover or through small openings without the danger of premature detonation in the event the grenade struck an object on its way to the target. Although the Type 89 could be fired by a single person, it was typically operated with a crew of 3, enabling it to reach a rate of fire of about 25 rounds per minute. The Type 89 discharger could also be used with a more powerful impact-detonated shell approaching the power of a light mortar. Weighing approximately two pounds (approx. 900 g), it was known as the Type 89 50mm shell, and was made in high explosive (HE), incendiary and smoke variants. To fire the shell (which had a nose-mounted impact fuse that detonated on contact), it was dropped base-down inside the tube of the discharger. By setting the Type 89 discharger at a fixed angle of 45 degrees, and varying distance to target by adjusting the size of a variable chamber space inside the discharger mechanism (See also the Granatnik wz. 36), soldiers could adjust fire onto multiple targets at varying ranges while firing the contact-detonated 50 mm shell through a single small clearing in the jungle canopy. The method worked equally well when firing from deep trenches or pits, or between various building obstructions when fighting inside a built-up town or city. With its curved support plate, the Type 89 was designed to be placed on the ground or against a log or trunk at a fixed firing angle of 45 degrees. However, since it used a spring-loaded, lanyard-operated firing pin mechanism, in an emergency it could fire grenades or shells at point targets while braced horizontally against a tree or building.

Inert Type 99 Japanese Hand Grenade with paper label and internal fuze assembly. Excellent. The Type 99 hand grenade also known as the Kiska grenade by the American Army, was an improved version of the Type 97 fragmentation hand grenade used by the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy SNLF during World War II. History and development: Soon after introduction of the Type 97 hand grenade to front line troops, a number of problems arose. Instability and inaccuracy of the fuse mechanism made the Type 97 almost as much of a menace to the thrower as to the recipient. Furthermore, the Type 97 was a hand grenade and could not be used with grenade launchers. In 1939, the Army Technical Bureau developed an improved version intended to remove these flaws. Design: The Type 99 hand grenade could either be thrown by hand or fired from a Type 100 grenade discharger. Unlike the earlier Type 91 or Type 97 grenades, the body was not segmented, but was smooth and flanged on both ends. It was also slightly smaller in diameter than the Type 91. Operation required first removing the safety pin by pulling the cord to which it was attached and then striking the head of the fuse on a hard object, such as a rock or combat helmet, and throwing immediately. Since the firing pin was integral no screwing or unscrewing of the firing pin holder was necessary, as with earlier model Japanese grenades. The Type 99 could also be used as a booby trap by removing the safety pin and setting under a floorboard or chair. Combat record: The Type 99 was issued as a standard rifle grenade to Japanese infantrymen in the Second Sino-Japanese War and throughout the various campaigns of World War II. The first examples to fall into the hands of Allied military intelligence were captured at the Battle of Kiska in the Aleutian Islands, which gave rise to the nickname of "Kiska grenade" by American troops.

INERT WWII Japanese Type 97 hand grenade with original fuse assembly. Excellent. History and development The Type 97 was developed from the earlier Type 91 Grenade which could also be used as a fragmentation hand grenade, but was predominately used as munitions for the Type 10, and Type 89 grenade launchers. For this reason, it had less explosive power and a relatively longer delay time than a dedicated manual hand grenade. To address these issues, the Army Technical Bureau developed a new design in 1937. Design The Type 97 had the same principles as most of fragmentation grenades of the period: a grooved 'pineapple-shaped' segmented body which dispersed sharp pieces of shrapnel when it exploded. Operation was accomplished by first screwing down the firing pin, so that it protruded from the base of the striker. Then the safety pin was removed by pulling the cord to which it was attached; the protective cap which covered the striker was removed. A sharp blow against a hard surface, such as a rock or combat helmet would overcome a creep spring and crush a thin brass cap, allowing the pin to hit the primer and initiate the delay sequence before throwing at the target. However, in comparison with Allied hand grenades of the period, the explosive force of the Type 97 was weaker and, due to lack of an automatic ignition mechanism, the grenade in practice was found to be unreliable and even dangerous to use because of its inaccurate fuse. Physically, the Type 97 was almost indistinguishable from the Type 91, except that it had no attachment on the base for a propellant canister. Paper labels with ink-stamped fill dates warned of the shorter 4-5 second delay.

Excellent condition WWII Japanese Type 91 Knee Mortar Grenade with internal fuze parts but is inert. The Type 91 hand grenade was an improved version of the Type 10 fragmentation hand grenade/rifle grenade of the Imperial Japanese Army. Although superseded as a hand-thrown weapon by the Type 97 by the start of World War II it was still used by units in the Second Sino-Japanese War and by reserve forces, as well as the Japanese Navy's Special Naval Landing Forces. History: The Japanese Army, noting that grenades were short-ranged weapons, began efforts to optimize these weapons for close-in infantry fighting. The first hand-thrown fragmentation grenade was the Type 10. Soon after introduction of the Type 10 grenade to front line combat troops, a number of issues arose. When hand-thrown, instability and inaccuracy of the fuse mechanism made the Type 10 almost as much of a menace to the thrower as to the recipient. Furthermore, the weapon was regarded as undersized, and lacked desired lethality. The Japanese Army continued to experiment with rifle and hand-thrown grenades between the wars and would adopt a family of fragmentation grenades with almost universal adaptability. Introduced in 1931, the Type 91 fragmentation grenade could be thrown by hand, fired from a cup-type grenade launcher (the Type 100), discharged by a lightweight mortar-like projector (the Type 89 grenade discharger, or knee mortar). or fitted with finned tail-assembly and fired from a spigot-type rifle grenade launcher.

An excellent example of an inert 81mm WW2 Japanese High Explosive mortar round for Type 99 Mortars. It has most of its original black paint and retains a red filling ring. Fuze is marked well marked. The body is also stamped with Japanese script mark (illustrated). Excellent.

A near mint example of an inert 81mm WW2 Japanese High Explosive mortar round for Type 99 Mortars. It has most of its original black paint and retains a red filling ring. Fuze is marked 17.9 Osaka. Sho 17.3 1942. The body is also stamped with Japanese script mark (illustrated). Excellent

WWII Japanese Demilled Type 89 Grenade Launcher, complete. This matching weapon is numbered 15543 on the firing ring, base and the sight adjustment and retains most of the original blueing. This grenade launcher has been demilled in the correct fashion with a hole being cut in in the side of the tube and a bar has been welded in place so a projectile cannot be loaded. Excellent. Background: The Japanese Army, noting that grenades were short-ranged weapons, began efforts to optimize these weapons for close-in infantry fighting. After studying employment of grenades and mortars on the battlefield, the Japanese Army developed hand grenades, rifle grenades, and grenade/mortar shell dischargers (small mortars) suited to warfare in typical short-range combat environments such as urban, trench, and jungle warfare. As part of this effort, the Japanese Army had adopted by 1932 a set of fragmentation grenades with almost universal adaptability. The Type 91 fragmentation grenade could be thrown by hand, fired from a spigot-type launcher, or used in a mortar-like grenade discharger, the Type 89.Design and operation: The Type 89 Heavy Grenade Discharger was adopted in 1929 but production did not begin until 1932. It differs from the earlier Type 10 grenade discharger in that it has a rifled barrel. The Type 89 could fire two types of grenades or shells: the Type 91 Grenade, which was a normal infantry fragmentation grenade adapted to the Type 89 discharger, and the Type 89 50 mm shell, which was an impact-detonated shell with considerably more explosive power. When fired from the Type 89 discharger, the Type 91 fragmentation grenade was fitted with a propellant base and time fuse. It did not explode upon contact, but was designed to ignite its fuse while in flight. A weak creep spring inside the grenade firing mechanism allowed the firing pin to be thrown back upon launching, igniting a time fuse with a 7-8 second delay. Using this system, the Type 91 grenades could be launched through jungle cover or through small openings without the danger of premature detonation in the event the grenade struck an object on its way to the target. Although the Type 89 could be fired by a single person, it was typically operated with a crew of 3, enabling it to reach a rate of fire of about 25 rounds per minute. The Type 89 discharger could also be used with a more powerful impact-detonated shell approaching the power of a light mortar. Weighing approximately two pounds (approx. 900 g), it was known as the Type 89 50mm shell, and was made in high explosive (HE), incendiary and smoke variants. To fire the shell (which had a nose-mounted impact fuse that detonated on contact), it was dropped base-down inside the tube of the discharger. By setting the Type 89 discharger at a fixed angle of 45 degrees, and varying distance to target by adjusting the size of a variable chamber space inside the discharger mechanism (see also the Granatnik wz. 36), soldiers could adjust fire onto multiple targets at varying ranges while firing the contact-detonated 50 mm shell through a single small clearing in the jungle canopy. The method worked equally well when firing from deep trenches or pits, or between various building obstructions when fighting inside a built-up town or city. With its curved support plate, the Type 89 was designed to be placed on the ground or against a log or trunk at a fixed firing angle of 45 degrees. However, since it used a spring-loaded, lanyard-operated firing pin mechanism, in an emergency it could fire grenades or shells at point targets while braced horizontally against a tree or building. Combat use: The Type 89 discharger saw service at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in Manchuria during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During World War II, the weapon was used effectively against the Allied defenders during the Battle of Corregidor in May 1942. It also saw service in Burma and the Pacific islands. Japanese Navy paratroopers carried special containers for the Type 89 clipped to their harnesses to provide fire support right on the landing zone. Allied troops quickly learned to take cover when they heard the weapon's "pop" when launching its grenades or shells, in some cases from more than 200 yd (180 m) away. After World War II the Type 89 was used by Indonesian National Army and militias against Dutch forces in the Indonesian National Revolution, with copies of the weapon manufactured in Demakijo, Yogyakarta.[citation needed] Others were used by Communist forces during Chinese Civil War and Korean War. Some were also used by the Viet Minh during First Indochina War and by the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

Large silk flag measuring 36" by 27". Large amount of Kanji, original ties to the corners. Excellent.

Large silk flag measuring 24" by 35". Large amount of Kanji and "To Your honour". Excellent. JJDB1

Large silk flag measuring 29" by 41". Large amount of Kanji, original leather reinforced corners. Excellent. JJDB2

Large silk flag measuring 12" by 36" Japanese Naval Rank Flag with Kanji Excellent. JJDB3

Large silk Japanese Order of the Golden Kite Patriotic banner or flag measuring 24" by 68" Excellent. JJDB4

WWII Japanese Printed Naval Flag measuring 28 X 36 inches with minimal damage as seen in the photos. Excellent still retaining leather tab and strings for attachment. JJDB5

Large silk flag measuring 30" by 33". Large amount of Kanji, original leather reinforced corners. Excellent.

Large silk flag measuring 34" by 29". Large amount of Kanji, original ties to the corners. Excellent

Lot of Zippo and others Vietnam Era Lighter lot to include 1) Zippo Lighter that is engraved A1C BILL PEARSON THE FRIENDLY DOOR GUNNER DA NANG MEDIVACS VC EXTERMINATIONS PSYOPS COMBAT ASSAULTS with a wing applied to the center that says 50 Kills. 2) Zippo Lighter that is engraved EM-3 BIGEO TF-117 "MONITOR" RUNG SAT ZONE 3) Zippo Lighter that is engraved HEAVY HUNTER KILLER TEAM CANNED HEAT VIETNAM BLUE MAX LT. LEE BREWER. 4) Zippo Lighter engraved GM-3 WHITE NAVY SEAWOLVES MEKONG DELTA 5) Zippo Lighter that is engraved 159th COMBAT ENGINEERS WE BUILD WE DESTROY PLEIKU. V.N. 6) ZIPPO LIGHTER that is engraved JIM TINCUP SIOUX WARRIOR THE WOLFHOUNDS 27TH U.S. INF. IORN TRIANGLE 6 NVA 11 V.C. 7) Zippo Lighter that is engraved PFC. PAXTON GRAVES & REGISTRATION SAIGON with an image of Snoopy

The sword has a 26 1/2" cutting edge. Blade is bright with a blood fuller. The one hole tang is unsigned. The grip is sharkskin and it is held to the tang by a mekugi (peg). The nickel plated saya is lined with wood. Overall length is 37 1/2" with original black knot. Excellent

This is a very nice example of an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) Officers Dress / Parade Dirk, complete with its brass-mounted leather scabbard. As with Naval Dirks in Europe, they were given to officers when they were first commissioned, and were not intended to be any type of functional weapon. They began to be issued starting in the 1880s, and their use continued until the end of WWII. This example is a textbook, with a chrome-plated machine-made steel blade, and all brass fittings. The grip is the correct wire-wrapped white ray skin, with a brass cherry blossom cross pin, which we have not attempted to remove. This motif is repeated on the pommel cap and on the scabbard fittings, as is correct for the naval pattern. The scabbard locks into the crossguard, released by a button on the scabbard locket. Condition is excellent, with the expected wear and patination from use and age. The leather covered wood scabbard body is in excellent shape, with no cracking. Overall length: 13 1/4” with a Blade Length: 8 1/4"